On the Bernstein--Bézier form of Jacobi polynomials on a simplex

Bernstein--Bézier form Bernstein--Durrmeyer operator generalised hypergeometric functions Hahn polynomials Jacobi polynomials Lauricella functions surface smoothing tight frame

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Appell, Horn and Lauricella functions (33C65) General harmonic expansions, frames (42C15)

Review text

Let \(\xi=(\xi_0,\xi_1,\ldots,\xi_n)\) be the barycentric coordinates of a \(d\)-simplex \(T\subset\mathbb R^d\) with volume \(vol_d(T)\) and let \(\Pi_s(\mathbb R^d)\) be the space of all polynomials of degree \(s\leq3\) on \(\mathbb R^d\). The inner product \(\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_\nu\), with \(\nu=(\nu_0,\nu_1,\ldots,\nu_d),\;\nu_j>0\) is defined by the rule \[ \langle f,g\rangle_\nu=\frac{\Gamma(| \nu| )}{\Gamma(\nu)}\frac1{d!vol_d(T)}\int\limits_Tfg\xi^{\nu-1} \] where \(\xi^{\nu-1}=\xi_0^{\nu_0-1}\xi_1^{\nu_1-1}\dots\xi_d^{\nu_d-1},\;| \nu| =\sum_j\nu_j\) and \(\Gamma(\nu)=\prod_j\Gamma(\nu_j)\). Every polynomial \(f\in\Pi_n(\mathbb R^d)\) can be represented in the form \[ f=\sum_{| \alpha| =n}c_\alpha(f)B_\alpha,\qquad \alpha=(\alpha_0,\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_d)\in\mathbb Z_+^{d+1} \] where \(B_\alpha\) are the Bernstein polynomials of degree \(| \alpha| \) \[ B_\alpha=\frac{| \alpha| !}{\alpha_0!\dots\alpha_d!}\xi^\alpha. \] The Jacobi polynomials of degree \(s\) is defined to be the space \(\mathcal P_s^\nu\) of polynomials \(f\) with \[ \langle f,g\rangle_\nu=0 \] for all \(g\in\Pi_{s-1}(\mathbb R^d)\). The following theorem is proved. \textit{Let \(f=\sum_{| \alpha| =n}c_\alpha(f)B_\alpha\), \(g=\sum_{| \alpha| =n}c_\alpha(g)B_\alpha\) and \(0\leq s\leq n\). If \(f\) or \(g\) belongs to \(\mathcal P_s^\nu\), then we have \[ \langle f,g\rangle_\nu=\frac{(n!)^2}{(n-s)!(| \nu| )_{n+s}}\sum_{| \alpha| =n}\frac {(\nu)_\alpha}{\alpha!}c_\alpha(f)c_\alpha(g) \] where \((\nu)_\alpha:=\prod_j(\nu_j)_{\alpha_j}\), with \((x)_n:=x(x+1)\dots(x+n-1)\) the Pochhammer symbol.} Let \(Q_s\) be the orthogonal projection on the space \(\mathcal P_s^\nu\). The author computes \(Q_s(\xi^\alpha)\) explicitly and shows that the sequence \(\{Q_s(\xi^\alpha)\}_\alpha\) is a tight frame for the space \(\mathcal P_s^\nu\), i.e. \[ f=\sum_\alpha\langle f,Q_s(\xi^\alpha)\rangle_\nu Q_s(\xi^\alpha) \] for all \(f\in\mathcal P_s^\nu\). It is also proved that a polynomial \(f\) belongs to \(\mathcal P_s^\nu\) if and only if the function \( c(f):\alpha\to C_\alpha(f),\quad \alpha\in S_n:=\{\alpha\in\mathbb Z_+^{d+1}:| \alpha| =n\},\quad 0\leq s\leq n\) is a restriction to \(S_n\) for some Hahn polynomial of degree \(s\). The paper is of great interest and presents a new useful approach to multivariate Jacobi polynomials.

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