Iterated double covers and connected components of moduli spaces

Chern class divisibility of canonical class number of connected components of coarse moduli space Picard group simple iterated double cover surface of general type

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Picard groups (14C22) Coverings in algebraic geometry (14E20) Families, moduli, classification: algebraic theory (14J10) Moduli, classification: analytic theory; relations with modular forms (14J15) Enumerative problems (combinatorial problems) in algebraic geometry (14N10) Complex-analytic moduli problems (32G13)

Review text

Let \(S\) be a smooth minimal surface of general type over the field of complex numbers and denote by \({\mathcal M} (S)\) the coarse moduli space of surface of general type homeomorphic to \(S\), \({\mathcal M} (S)\) is a quasi-projective variety by Gieseker's theorem. Since \(K^2_S>0\), the divisibility \(r(S)\) of the canonical class \(k_S= c_1(K_S) \in H^2 (S,\mathbb{Z})\) is well defined, i.e. \(r(S)= \max \{r\in\mathbb{N} \mid r^{-1} c_1(S) \in H^2 (S,\mathbb{Z})\}\). \(r(S)\) is a positive integer which is invariant under deformation and the set \[ {\mathcal M}_d (S)=\bigl\{[S']\in {\mathcal M} (S) \mid r(S') =r(S)\bigr\} \] is a subvariety of \({\mathcal M} (S)\) and the number of connected components of \({\mathcal M}_d(S)\) is bounded by a function \(\delta\) of the numerical invariants \(K^2_S\), \(\chi ({\mathcal O}_S)\). It is known that \(\delta\) is not bounded [see \textit{M. Manetti}, Compos. Math. 92, N. 3, 285-297 (1994; Zbl 0849.14016)]. Here we prove that ``in general \(\delta\) takes quite large values, more precisely we have Theorem A. For every real number \(4\leq \beta \leq 8\) there exists a sequence \(S_n\) of simply connected surfaces of general type such that: (a) \(y_n= K^2_{S_n}\), \(x_n= \chi ({\mathcal O}_{S_n}) \to\infty\) as \(n\to \infty\). (b) \(\lim_{n\to \infty} (y_n/x_n) =\beta\). (c) \(\delta (S_n) \geq y_n^{(1/5) \log y_n}\) (here \(\delta (S_n)\) is the number of connected components of \({\mathcal M}_d (S_n))\). Theorem A relies on the explicit description of the connected components in the moduli space of a wide class of surfaces of general type whose Chern numbers spread in all the region \({1\over 2} c_2 \leq c^2_1 \leq 2c_2 \). Definition B. A finite map between normal algebraic surfaces \(p: X\to Y\) is called a simple iterated double cover associated to a sequence of line bundles \(L_1, \dots, L_n \in\text{Pic} (Y)\) if the following conditions hold: (1) There exist \(n+1\) normal surfaces \(X=X_0, \dots, X_n=Y\) and \(n\) flat double covers \(\pi_i: X_{i-1} \to X_i\) such that \(p=\pi_n \circ \cdots \circ \pi_1\). (2) If \(p_i: X_i\to Y\) is the composition of \(\pi_j\)'s \(j>i\) then we have for every \(i=1, \dots, n\) the eigensheaves decomposition \(\pi_{i*} {\mathcal O}_{X_{i-1}}= {\mathcal O}_{X_i} \oplus p^*_i (-L_i)\). For any sequence \(L_1, \dots, L_n\in \text{Pic} (\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1)\) define \((N(L_1, \dots, L_n)\) as the image in the moduli space of the set of surfaces of general type whose canonical model is a simple iterated double cover of \(\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1\) associated to \(L_1,\dots,L_n\). The main theme of this paper is to determine sufficient conditions on the sequence \(L_1,\dots,L_n\) in such a way that the set \(N(L_1, \dots, L_n)\) has ``good properties; the conditions we find are summarized in the following definition: Definition C. A sequence \(L_1, \dots, L_n\), \(L_i= {\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1} (a_i,b_i)\), \(n\geq 2\) of line bundles on \(\mathbb{P}^1 \times\mathbb{P}^1\) is called a good sequence if it satisfies the following conditions. (C1) \(a_i\), \(b_i\geq 3\) for every \(i=1, \dots, n\). (C2) \(\max_{j<i} \min (2a_i-a_j\), \(2b_i-b_j) <0\). (C3) \(a_n\geq b_n+2\), \(b_{n-1} \geq a_{n-1}+2\). (C4) \(a_i\), \(b_i\) are even for \(i=2, \dots, n\). (C5) For every \(i<n\), \(2a_i -a_{i+1} \geq 2\), \(2b_i- b_{i+1} \geq 2\). The main result we prove is: Theorem D. Let \(L_1,\dots,L_n\) be a good sequence in sense of definition C, then: (a) \(N(L_1, \dots, L_n)\) is a nonempty connected component of the moduli space. (b) \(N(L_1, \dots, L_n)\) is reduced, irreducible and unirational. (For (a) and (b) the condition C5 is not necessary.) (c) The generic \([\text{S}] \in N(L_1, \dots, L_n)\) has \(\Aut (S)= \mathbb{Z}/2 \mathbb{Z}\). (d) If \(M_1, \dots, M_m\) is another good sequence and \(N (L_1, \dots, L_n)= N(M_1, \dots, M_m)\) then \(n=m\) and \(L_i=M_i\) for every \(i=1, \dots, n\). Theorem D gives us some new interesting examples of homeomorphic but not deformation equivalent surfaces of general type.

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