Lyapunov functions for strong exponential contractions

DOI10.1016/J.JDE.2013.04.018MaRDI QIDQ2636652zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Luís Barreira, Davor Dragičević, Claudia Valls

Publication date 30 January 2014

Published in Journal of Differential Equations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2013.04.018

zbMATH Keywords

exponential contractions Lyapunov functions robustness

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Dynamical systems with hyperbolic behavior (37D99)

Review text

Consider a sequence \((A_m)_{m\in\mathbb Z}\) of \(p\times p\) invertible matrices. Define \(\mathcal A_{m,n}\) as follows: \[ \begin{aligned} &\mathcal A_{m,n}=A_{m-1}\dots A_n \text{ if } m>n, \\ &\mathcal A_{m,n}=A^{-1}_m\dots A^{-1}_{n-1} \text{ if } m<n, \\& \mathcal A_{m,n}= \mathrm{Id} \text{ if } m=n \end{aligned} \] The sequence \((A_m)_{m\in\mathbb Z}\) is said to admit a non-uniform exponential contraction if there exist constants \(\bar a<0\), \(\varepsilon\geq 0\) and \(D\geq 1\) such that for every \(m,n\in\mathbb Z\) with \(m\geq n\) we have \(\|\mathcal A(m, n)\|\leq De^{\bar a(m-n)+\varepsilon|n|}\). If in addition there is \(\underline a\) so that \(\underline{a}\leq \bar{a}<0\) and \(\|\mathcal A(m, n)\|\leq De^{-\underline {a}(m-n)+\varepsilon|m|}\) for \(m\geq n\), we say that the contraction is strong. Consider non-positive continuous functions \(V_m\) defined on \(\mathbb R^p\) for \(m\in\mathbb Z\) and assume that there exist \(C>0\) and \(\delta>0\) such that \(\| x\|\leq |V_m(x)| \leq Ce^{\delta|m|}\| x\|\) for \(m\in\mathbb Z\) and \(x\in\mathbb R^p\). We say that \((V_m)_{m\in\mathbb Z}\) is a Lyapunov sequence for \((A_m)_{m\in\mathbb Z}\) if \(V_{m+1}(A_m(x)) \geq V_m(x)\) for \(m\in\mathbb Z\) and \(x\in\mathbb R^p\). A Lyapunov sequence \((V_m)_{m\in \mathbb Z}\) is said to be strict if there exists \(\gamma\in (0, 1)\) such that \(V_{m+1}(A_m x)-V_m(x) \geq \gamma |V_m(x)|\) for \(m \in \mathbb Z\) and \(x \in \mathbb R^p\). If in addition there is \(\mu\in (0,1)\) such that \(\mu |V_m(x)|\geq V_{m+1}(A_m x)-V_m(x) \geq \gamma |V_m(x)|\) for \(m \in \mathbb Z\) and \(x \in \mathbb R^p\) we say that the sequence is strongly strict. A Lyapunov sequence \((V_m)_{m\in \mathbb Z}\) is said to be quadratic if there exists a sequence of positive-definite symmetric \(p \times p\) matrices \((S_m)_{m\in \mathbb Z}\) such that \(V_m(x) = - \sqrt{\langle S_m x, x\rangle}\) for \(m \in \mathbb Z\) and \(x \in R^p\). It was shown in a previous paper by the first and third authors that \(( A_m)_{m\in \mathbb{Z}}\) admits a non-uniform exponential contraction if and only if there exists a strict quadratic Lyapunov sequence for \((A_m)_{m\in \mathbb{Z}}\). In the article under review the authors show that \((A_m)_{m\in \mathbb{Z}}\) admits a strong non-uniform exponential contraction if and only if there exists a strongly strict quadratic Lyapunov sequence for \((A_m)_{m\in \mathbb{Z}}\). A noteworthy result of the article under review is the persistence of strong non-uniform exponential contractions under sufficiently small linear perturbations. The authors also consider analogous results for continuous time systems.

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