Quantum set theory: transfer principle and De Morgan's laws

DOI10.1016/J.APAL.2020.102938MaRDI QIDQ2659103zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 25 March 2021

Published in Annals of Pure and Applied Logic (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.06692

Boolean-valued models commutator De Morgan's laws implication orthomodular lattices orthomodular-valued models quantum logic quantum set theory transfer principle ZFC

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Other aspects of forcing and Boolean-valued models (03E40) Nonclassical and second-order set theories (03E70) Applications of set theory (03E75) Quantum logic (03G12) Complemented lattices, orthocomplemented lattices and posets (06C15) Applications of selfadjoint operator algebras to physics (46L60) Logical foundations of quantum mechanics; quantum logic (quantum-theoretic aspects) (81P10)

Abstract: In quantum logic, introduced by Birkhoff and von Neumann, De Morgan's Laws play an important role in the projection-valued truth value assignment of observational propositions in quantum mechanics. Takeuti's quantum set theory extends this assignment to all the set-theoretical statements on the universe of quantum sets. However, Takeuti's quantum set theory has a problem in that De Morgan's Laws do not hold between universal and existential bounded quantifiers. Here, we solve this problem by introducing a new truth value assignment for bounded quantifiers that satisfies De Morgan's Laws. To justify the new assignment, we prove the Transfer Principle, showing that this assignment of a truth value to every bounded ZFC theorem has a lower bound determined by the commutator, a projection-valued degree of commutativity, of constants in the formula. We study the most general class of truth value assignments and obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for them to satisfy the Transfer Principle, to satisfy De Morgan's Laws, and to satisfy both. For the class of assignments with polynomially definable logical operations, we determine exactly 36 assignments that satisfy the Transfer Principle and exactly 6 assignments that satisfy both the Transfer Principle and De Morgan's Laws.

Review text

Quantum logic was introduced by \textit{G. Birkhoff} and \textit{J. von Neumann} [Ann. Math. (2) 37, 823--843 (1936; Zbl 0015.14603)]. The study of quantum set theory was initiated by \textit{G. Takeuti} [in: Current issues in quantum logic. Proceedings of the Workshop on Quantum Logic held in Erice, Sicily, December 2--9, 1979. New York - London: Plenum Press. 303--322 (1981)]. The author [J. Symb. Log. 72, No. 2, 625--648 (2007; Zbl 1124.03045)] established the transfer principle for Takeuti's quantum set theory, which was generalized to complete orthomodular lattices [\textit{M. Ozawa}, Rev. Symb. Log. 10, No. 4, 782--807 (2017; Zbl 1421.03026)]. Transfer principle. For any \(\Delta_{0}\)-formula \(\phi\left( x_{1},\dots,x_{n}\right) \) in the language of set theory in ZFC and for any element \(u_{1},\dots,u_{n}\) in the universe \(V^{\left( \mathcal{Q}\right) }\) with the \(\mathcal{Q}\)-valued truth value\quad\(\left\Vert \phi\left( u_{1},\dots,u_{n}\right) \right\Vert \), we have \[ \left\Vert \phi\left( u_{1},\dots,u_{n}\right) \right\Vert \geq\underline {\vee}\left( u_{1},\dots,u_{n}\right) \] where \(\underline{\vee}\left( u_{1},\dots,u_{n}\right) \)\ stands for the commutator. Bounded universal and existential quantifications are evaluated by using implication \(\rightarrow\) and conjunction \(\ast\). \begin{align*} \left\Vert \left( \forall x\in u\right) \phi\left( x\right) \right\Vert & =\vee_{u^{\prime}\in\mathrm{dom}\left( u\right) }\left( u\left( u^{\prime}\right) \rightarrow\left\Vert \phi\left( u^{\prime}\right) \right\Vert \right) \\ \left\Vert \left( \exists x\in u\right) \phi\left( x\right) \right\Vert & =\vee_{u^{\prime}\in\mathrm{dom}\left( u\right) }\left( u\left( u^{\prime}\right) \ast\left\Vert \phi\left( u^{\prime}\right) \right\Vert \right) \end{align*} Introducing a general class of binary operations \(\rightarrow\) for implication and one of binary operations \(\ast\) for conjunction on complete orthomodular lattices, this paper determines which pairs \(\left( \rightarrow,\ast\right) \) of an implication and a conjunction satisfy the transfer principle or both the transfer principle and the de Morgan laws. De Morgan laws. \begin{align*} \left\Vert \rceil\left( \forall x\in u\right) \phi\left( x\right) \right\Vert & =\left\Vert \left( \exists x\in u\right) \rceil\phi\left( x\right) \right\Vert \\ \left\Vert \rceil\left( \exists x\in u\right) \phi\left( x\right) \right\Vert & =\left\Vert \left( \forall x\in u\right) \rceil\phi\left( x\right) \right\Vert \end{align*} The pair of the Sasaki implication (\(P\rightarrow Q\) for \(P^{\bot}\vee\left( P\wedge Q\right) \), also called the Sasaki arrow) and the Sasaki conjunction (\(P\ast Q\) for \(\left( P\rightarrow Q^{\bot}\right) ^{\bot}\), also called the Sasaki projection)\ [\textit{U. Sasaki}, J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., Ser. A 17, 293--302 (1954; Zbl 0055.25902)] satisfies both the transfer principle and the de Morgan laws. It is shown that there are exactly 36 pairs of polynomially definable operations pervious to the transfer principle, among which only 6 should obey the de Morgan laws as well.

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