Families of periodic orbits: closed 1-forms and global continuability

DOI10.1016/J.JDE.2021.03.009MaRDI QIDQ2662483zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Matthew D. Kvalheim, Anthony M. Bloch

Publication date 13 April 2021

Published in Journal of Differential Equations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.03528

bifurcation global continuability limit cycle monotone-cyclic feedback system periodic orbit unfolding families of vector fields

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Periodic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C25) Periodic orbits of vector fields and flows (37C27) Bifurcations of limit cycles and periodic orbits in dynamical systems (37G15)

Abstract: We investigate global continuation of periodic orbits of a differential equation depending on a parameter, assuming that a closed 1-form satisfying certain properties exists. We begin by extending the global continuation theory of Alexander, Alligood, Mallet-Paret, Yorke, and others to this situation, formulating a new notion of global continuability and a new global continuation theorem tailored for this situation. In particular, we show that the existence of such a 1-form ensures that local continuability of periodic orbits implies global continuability. Using our general theory, we then develop continuation-based techniques for proving the existence of periodic orbits. In contrast to previous work, a key feature of our results is that existence of periodic orbits can be proven (i) without finding trapping regions for the dynamics and (ii) without establishing a priori upper bounds on the periods of orbits. We illustrate the theory in examples inspired by the synthetic biology literature.

Review text

In this article, the problem of the existence of periodic orbits of a \(C^1\) autonomous ordinary differential equation with one parameter on a smooth manifold \(Q\) is tackled. The authors define the notion of \((\eta,\ell)\)-global continuability and provide sufficient, rather stringent conditions (involving Floquet multipliers and existence results) under which a periodic orbit of a differentiable vector field is \((\eta,\ell)\)-global continuable. The term \(\eta\) denotes a \(C^1\) closed 1-form on an open subset of the product \(Q\times \mathbb{R},\) and \(\ell\) is the absolute value of the integral of the pullback of the form \(\eta\) under the inclusion \(Q\hookrightarrow Q\times\mathbb{R}.\) Then the authors prove the existence of global periodic orbits of the parameter-dependent family of equations, under nonstandard technical hypotheses, and visit the case of unfolding families of differentiable flows with a Hopf bifurcation as well. It is proved that when \(Q\) is oriented, the unfolding family of vector fields has a nonstationary periodic orbit contained in the complement of the boundary of a properly embedded, smooth, oriented, codimension-1 submanifold (global existence of periodic orbits following a Hopf bifurcation). The last section deals with the particular cases of the repressilator and the Sprott systems (which admit the symmetry \((x,y,z)\to(y,z,x)\)). The authors illustrate the previous results and study the equilibria of these differential equations via standard analytical techniques. To complement the exposition, an appendix on closed 1-forms is provided at the end of the article.

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