Sharp spectral asymptotics for nonreversible metastable diffusion processes

Abstract: Let

U_{h} : m a t h b b R^{d} o m a t h b b R^{d}

be a smooth vector field and consider the associated overdamped Langevin equation

dX_t=-U_h(X_t),dt+sqrt{2h},dB_t

in the low temperature regime

h i g h t a r r o w 0

. In this work, we study the spectrum of the associated diffusion

L = - h D e l t a + U_{h} c d o t a b l a

under the assumptions that

U_{h} = U_{0} + h u

, where the vector fields

U_{0} : m a t h b b R^{d} o m a t h b b R^{d}

and

u : m a t h b b R^{d} o m a t h b b R^{d}

are independent of

h i n (0, 1]

, and that the dynamics admits

e^{- f r a c V h}

as an invariant measure for some smooth function

V : m a t h b b R^{d} i g h t a r r o w m a t h b b R

. Assuming additionally that

V

is a Morse function admitting

n_{0}

local minima, we prove that there exists

e p s i l o n > 0

such that in the limit

h o 0

,

L

admits exactly

n_{0}

eigenvalues in the strip

0 l e q o p e r a t o r n a m e R e (z) < e p s i l o n

, which have moreover exponentially small moduli. Under a generic assumption on the potential barriers of the Morse function

V

, we also prove that the asymptotic behaviors of these small eigenvalues are given by Eyring-Kramers type formulas.

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