Nonlinear Birkhoff-James orthogonality preservers in smooth normed spaces

Birkhoff-James orthogonality has already been utilized to study the geometric properties of the space of bounded linear operators on Banach space (see [\textit{K.~Paul} et al., Linear Algebra Appl. 506, 551--563 (2016; Zbl 1353.46011); \textit{D.~Sain} et al., J. Oper. Theory 80, No.~2, 399--413 (2018; Zbl 1463.46029)]). Here the authors study the same from the point of view of a nonlinear preserver problem. Let \(X\) and \(Y\) be Banach spaces and \(f : X \to Y\) be a mapping, not necessarily linear. The authors focus on the characterization of surjective mappings \(f\) for which \( x \perp y \) if and only if \( f(x) \perp f(y).\) They prove that if \(f: X \to Y\) (\(X, Y\) are real smooth spaces with \(\dim X \geq 3\)) is a surjective mapping preserving Birkhoff-James orthogonality in both directions, then there exist a surjective linear isometry \(U : X \to Y\) and a mapping \(\tau : X \to \mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\}\) such that \( f(x) = \tau(x) Ux.\) It then follows that \(X\) and \(Y\) are isometrically isomorphic. An example is provided to show that the result does not work if \(\dim X=2.\) They further prove that if \(f : X \to Y\) (\(X,Y\) are complex normed spaces and \(X\) or \(Y\) is reflexive) is a surjective linear mapping preserving Birkhoff-James orthogonality in both directions, then the spaces are isometrically isomorphic or conjugate isometrically isomorphic.

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