Existence and multiplicity of positive periodic solutions to a class of Liénard equations with repulsive singularities
Singular nonlinear boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations (34B16) Positive solutions to nonlinear boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations (34B18) Periodic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C25) Nonautonomous smooth dynamical systems (37C60) Applications of operator theory to differential and integral equations (47N20)
This paper studies the existence and multiplicity of a parameter-dependent Liénard equation with repulsive singularities \[ x + f(x) x' - \frac{a(t)}{x^\mu}+ \varphi(t) x^{\delta} = s, \] where \(f: (0, +\infty) \to \mathbb{R}\), \(a: \mathbb{R}/T\mathbb{Z} \to (0, +\infty)\) is a nonnegative function, and \(\varphi: \mathbb{R}/T \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{R}\) is a sign-changing function. Moreover, the constants \(\mu > 0\), \(\delta \in (0, 1)\) are fixed, and \(s\in \mathbb{R}\) is a parameter. The authors further assume that \[ \bar{a} = \dfrac{1}{T}\int_0^T a (t) d t > 0,\quad \bar{\varphi} = \frac{1}{T}\int_0^T \varphi(t) d t < 0. \] Using a continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory and certain properties of Leray-Schauder degree, the authors prove the existence of a critical point \(s^* \in \mathbb{R}\) such that the equation has at least two positive \(T\)-periodic solution when \(s < s^*\), at least one positive \(T\)-periodic solution when \(s = s^*\), and no positive \(T\)-periodic solution when \(s > s^*\).
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