V. A. Steklov's problem of estimating the growth of orthogonal polynomials

Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05)

Review text

In 1921, Steklov conjectured that the sequence \(\{P_n(x)\}\) of orthonormal polynomials on \((-1,1)\) with respect to a strictly positive weight \(\rho(x)\geq\delta>0\) is bounded at the points \(x\in(-1,1)\), i.e. \(\limsup\limits_{n\to\infty}|P_n(x)|<\infty\). Let \(\{\psi_n\}\) be a sequence of polynomials in \(z=e^{i\theta}\) that are orthonormal on the unit circle with respect to a measure \(\sigma\in S_\delta\) and \(S_\delta\) is the Steklov class of probability measures \(\sigma\) on the unit circle such that \(\sigma'\geq \delta(\theta/(2\pi))>0\) at every Lebesgue point of \(\sigma\). Steklov's conjecture for \(\{\psi_n\}\) was disproved in 1979 by \textit{E. A. Rakhmanov}: \(\limsup\limits_{n\to\infty}\|\psi_n(z;\sigma)\|_{L^\infty(\mathbb T)}=\infty\) (see [Math. USSR, Sb. 36, 549--575 (1980); translation from Mat. Sb., Nov. Ser. 108(150), 581--608 (1979; Zbl 0452.33012)). The following extremal problem played an important role in Rakhmanov's construction: for a fixed \(n\in\mathbb N\), find \(M_{n,\delta}=\sup_{\sigma\in S_\delta}\|\psi_n\|_{L^\infty(\mathbb T)}\). There is an elementary estimate \(M_{n,\delta}\leq\sqrt{(n+1)/\delta}\), \(n\in\mathbb N\). In 1981, \textit{E. A. Rakhamanov} [Mat. Sb., Nov. Ser. 114(156), 269--298 (1981; Zbl 0458.42015)] proved that \(M_{n,\delta}\geq C\sqrt{(n+1)/(\delta\ln^3n)}\), \(C>0\), \(\delta\ll 1\). The main result of this paper is that \(M_n\lesssim\sqrt{n}\), i.e., the elementary estimate mentioned above is sharp. Theorem 1.1: Let \(\delta\in(0,1)\). Then, {\parindent=7mm \begin{itemize}\item[(1)] for sufficiently large \(n>n_0>0\), there exists a constant \(C(\delta)>0\) such that \(M_{n,\delta}>C(\delta)\sqrt{n}\); \item[(2)] for an arbitrary sequence \(\{\beta_n\}\), \(\beta_n\to0\), there exists an absolutely continuous probability measure \(\sigma^*:d\sigma^*={\sigma^*}'d\theta\), \(\sigma^*\in S_\delta\), such that \[ \|\psi_{k_n}(z;\sigma^*)\|_{L^\infty(\mathbb T)}>\beta_{k_n}(\delta)\sqrt{k_n},\quad \beta_{k_n}(\delta)>0, \] for some sequence \(\{k_n\}\subset\mathbb N\). \end{itemize}} The paper gives also a survey of the results on the solution of the extremal problem described above and on the general problem of Steklov in the theory of orthogonal polynomials. The paper analyzes the asymptotic of some trigonometric polynomials defined by the Fejér convolutions.

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