affine group schemeAlbert algebraexceptional Lie algebrafine gradingGradingoctonionssimple Lie algebrasymmetric composition
Graded rings and modules (associative rings and algebras) (16W50) Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to nonassociative rings and algebras (17-02) Composition algebras (17A75) Exceptional (super)algebras (17B25) Graded Lie (super)algebras (17B70) Jordan structures associated with other structures (17C50)
By using the words of the authors themselves, this book tackles the task of ``collecting, unifying and expanding the knowledge about gradings on simple Lie algebras.NEWLINENEWLINEThe first chapter contains some general definitions and results on gradings. General gradings are distinguished from group gradings and the latter are the fundamental objects of study in the book. Then, notions as transcendental as universal grading group, fine grading, equivalence and isomorphism are introduced. The connection with the representation theory of diagonalizable group schemes is also treated in this chapter.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEIn chapter two, the associative case is studied. It is proved that any graded simple associative algebra \(R\) satisfying chain conditions on graded one-sided ideals is isomorphic to a matrix algebra \(M_n(D)\) where \(D\) is a graded division algebra and the grading on \(R\) is determined by the one in \(D\) plus a \(n\)-tuple of elements from the grading group. Then, they reduce the classification problem to that of classifying graded division algebras \(D\) and this goal is achieved in the second section. Roughly speaking \(D\) is a crossed product \(\Delta\ast T\) where \(\Delta\) is a division algebra and \(T\) is a group. In case \(D\) is finite-dimensional and the ground field algebraically closed then \(\Delta\) is the ground field and \(T\) finite. In the last section of this chapter the previous results are joined together to obtain a classification of abelian group gradings on a matrix algebra over an algebraically closed field.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEIn chapter three we go into the ground of Lie algebras. The main results include a classification of gradings on simple Lie algebras of type \(A_r\), \(B_r\), \(C_r\) or \(D_r\) (ruling out \(D_4\) which is considered in chapter six) over an algebraically closed field of characteristic other than \(2\). For a given abelian group \(G\) all gradings up to isomorphism are described; and all fine gradings up to equivalence. As in previous chapters a pleyade of previously published works on the topic are mentioned in the book. Some of them go beyond the limits of finite-dimensional algebras, and also some of them go out of the algebraically closed case (for instance considering the case of real algebras). The methodology in this chapter includes a realization of the Lie algebra under question as a matrix algebra which allows to apply the results in previous chapters. For the algebras over fields of prime characteristic, their automorphism group schemes have been needed. Thus a number of results concerning this objects (with further application in other chapters) are also provided.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEChapter four is devoted to the description of gradings on a simple Lie algebra of type \(G_2\) over a field of characteristic different from \(2\) and \(3\). For a given abelian group \(G\), all gradings up to isomorphism are described; and all the fine gradings up to equivalence. The key point here is the realization of the Lie algebra under study as the Lie algebra of derivations of a Cayley algebra and the application of transfer theorems from chapter one. Thus, the work of the first author in 1998 [J. Algebra 207, No. 1, 342--354 (1998; Zbl 0915.17022)] classifying the gradings on octonion algebras is a fundamental reference, and also the work by \textit{C. Draper} and \textit{C. Martín} in 2006 [Linear Algebra Appl. 418, No. 1, 85--111 (2006; Zbl 1146.17027)] dealing with the gradings on \(G_2\) in the complex case. Three years later (see the work of \textit{Yu. A. Bahturin} and \textit{M. V. Tvalavadze} in 2009 [Commun. Algebra 37, No. 3, 885--893 (2009; Zbl 1190.17005)]) the gradings on \(G_2\) over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero were described. These results were extended by the authors in 2012 to the case of algebras of type \(G_2\) over arbitrary fields of characteristic other than \(2\) and \(3\). The last section of this chapter studies gradings on symmetric composition algebras. This had been classified in 2009 by the first author [J. Algebra 322, No. 10, 3542--3579 (2009; Zbl 1216.17004)].NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe aim of chapter five is the classification of gradings on a simple Lie algebra \(L\) of type \(F_4\) over an algebraically closed field of characteristic other than \(2\) (as before gradings by a fixed group \(G\) up to isomorphism and fine gradings up to equivalence). Under suitable condition one can find an isomorphism between the affine group schemes of automorphisms of the Albert algebra and that of \(L\). Taking this into account, the strategy here is to classify gradings on the Albert algebra first and then use automorphism group schemes to transfer the classification of grading on the Albert algebra to gradings on the Lie algebra \(L\). The first classification of fine gradings on both the Albert algebra and the Lie algebra \(F_4\) (over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero) was obtained in 2009 by \textit{C. Draper} and \textit{C. Martín} [Rev. Mat. Iberoam. 25, No. 3, 841--908 (2009; Zbl 1281.17035)]. In this work some computational techniques were used but in 2012 a second work by \textit{C. Draper} appeared eliminating that computational tools [Rev. Mat. Iberoam. 28, No. 1, 273--296 (2012; Zbl 1257.17039)]. On the other hand the authors published also in 2012 a couple of papers in which they definitively close the classification question for Albert algebras and \(F_4\) type Lie algebras over fields of characteristic other than \(2\).NEWLINENEWLINEChapter six deals with a number of classification problems of gradings and constructions making possible the transference of gradings. For instance the fine gradings (up to equivalence) of \(D_4\) over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero are described (fine outer gradings on \(D_4\) had been previously studied in 2010 by \textit{C. Draper}, \textit{C. Martín} and \textit{A. Viruel} [Forum Math. 22, No. 5, 863--877 (2010; Zbl 1229.17032)]). The Tits construction relating simple Lie algebras of types \(F_4\), \(E_6\), \(E_7\) and \(E_8\) to Hurwitz algebras and simple Jordan algebras of degree three, is also presented together with another construction which starts from two symmetric composition algebras and produces among others the exceptional algebras mentioned above (with the advantage of including the characteristic three case with minor variations related to \(E_6\) in the exceptional case). The first author published in 2004 the previously mentioned construction based on two symmetric composition algebras which now is fruitfully applied for transferring gradings from symmetric algebras to others.NEWLINENEWLINEThe classification up to equivalence on gradings on \(E_6\) in characteristic zero, due to C. Draper and A. Viruel, is explained also here. The last section of this chapter presents a table of fine gradings on the simple Lie algebras of types \(E_i\) (\(i=6,7,8\)) which are related to gradings on composition, Jordan and structurable algebras appearing in their construction. This chapter also contains a summary of known fine gradings on the Lie algebras of types \(E_6\), \(E_7\) and \(E_8\). The gradings on \(E_6\) shown in this chapter exhaust the class of fine gradings on \(E_6\), however the classification question of the fine gradings on \(E_7\) and \(E_8\) is still open though a definitive result is expected to appear before long.NEWLINENEWLINEFinally the book contains an appendix on affine group schemes which is quite useful since this tool is in the heart itself of the theory of group gradings.
- Gradings on finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras
- Group gradings on simple Lie algebras in positive characteristic
- Fine gradings on simple classical Lie algebras
- Classification of group gradings on simple Lie algebras of types \(\mathcal A\), \(\mathcal B\), \(\mathcal C\) and \(\mathcal D\)
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2163544
- Group gradings on the Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{psl}_n\) in positive characteristic
- Gradings on finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras
- Simple associative algebras with finite \(\mathbb{Z}\)-grading
- Graded polynomial identities as identities of universal algebras
- Group gradings on the superalgebras \(M(m,n)\), \(A(m,n)\) and \(P(n)\)
- Gradings on classical central simple real Lie algebras
- Gradings on the simple real Lie algebras of types G₂ and D₄
- Clifford algebras as twisted group algebras and the Arf invariant
- Gradings on modules over Lie algebras of E types
- On groupoid gradings
- Group gradings on the Lie and Jordan algebras of upper triangular matrices
- Graded isomorphisms on upper block triangular matrix algebras
- Graded identities of simple real graded division algebras
- On weak equivalences of gradings
- Asymptotics of graded codimension of upper triangular matrices
- Graded identities and isomorphisms on algebras of upper block-triangular matrices
- Identities and isomorphisms of finite-dimensional graded simple algebras
- Group gradings on upper block triangular matrices
- Classification of involutions on graded-division simple real algebras
- Orthogonal-gradings on H^*-algebras
- Graded simple Lie algebras and graded simple representations
- Root space decomposition of \(\mathfrak{g}_2\) from octonions
- On gradings modulo 2 of simple Lie algebras in characteristic 2
- Gradings on simple Jordan and Lie algebras
- Graded division algebras over the field of real numbers
- Gradings on semisimple algebras
- Gradings of positive rank on simple Lie algebras
- Lie algebras simple with respect to a Taft algebra action
- Distinguishing simple algebras by means of polynomial identities
- Decompositions of linear spaces induced by bilinear maps
- Identities for the special linear Lie algebra with the Pauli and Cartan gradings
- On the number of gradings on matrix algebras
- Graded-division algebras and Galois extensions
- The automorphisms group and the classification of gradings of finite dimensional associative algebras
- Hom-Lie algebras with a set grading
- The algebra of \(2 \times 2\) upper triangular matrices as a commutative algebra: gradings, graded polynomial identities and Specht property
- On simple 15-dimensional Lie algebras in characteristic 2
- Graded identities for Kac-Moody and Heisenberg algebras with the Cartan grading
- Inner ideals of real simple Lie algebras
- Gradings induced by nilpotent elements
- On generic \(G\)-graded Azumaya algebras
- Real simple symplectic triple systems
- Homogeneous involutions on upper triangular matrices
- Composition color algebras
- On the Faulkner construction for generalized Jordan superpairs
- A Zassenhaus conjecture and CPA-structures on simple modular Lie algebras
- Actions of Taft's algebras on finite dimensional algebras
- Trace identities and almost polynomial growth
- A new invariant for finite dimensional Leibniz/Lie algebras
- Reductive homogeneous spaces and nonassociative algebras
- Cross products, automorphisms, and gradings
- Fine gradings on Kantor systems of Hurwitz type
- Fine gradings and their Weyl groups for twisted Heisenberg Lie superalgebras
- Abelian groups gradings on null-filiform and one-parametric filiform Leibniz algebras
- Gradings on associative algebras with involution and real forms of classical simple Lie algebras
- Certain partitions on a set and their applications to different classes of graded algebras
- Gradings and symmetries on Heisenberg type algebras
- \(\mathbb{Z}\)-graded identities of the Lie algebra \(W_1\)
- Some results concerning the multiplicities of cocharacters of superalgebras with graded involution
- On Lie $p$-algebras of cohomological dimension one
- Group gradings on the Lie and Jordan algebras of block-triangular matrices
- Gradings on tensor products of composition algebras and on the Smirnov algebra
- Graded involutions on block-triangular matrix algebras
- Group gradings on finite dimensional incidence algebras
- Fine gradings and gradings by root systems on simple Lie algebras
- Graded modules over classical simple Lie algebras with a grading
- Fine gradings on simple exceptional Jordan pairs and triple systems
- Group gradings on the Jordan algebra of upper triangular matrices
- Bilinear maps and graphs
- Lie algebras with a set grading
- Maximal abelian subgroups of compact simple Lie groups of type E
- On the Jacobson radical of a groupoid graded ring
- Division algebras graded by a finite group
- Non-group gradings on simple Lie algebras
- Functional identities on tensor products of algebras.
- Graded monomial identities and almost non-degenerate gradings on matrices
- Local derivations and automorphisms of Cayley algebras
- Graded (quasi-)Frobenius rings
- Simple Twisted Group Algebras of Dimensionp4and their Semi-Centers
- Gradings on the real form \(\mathfrak{e}_{6,-26}\)
- Isomorphism classes of \(k\)-involutions of algebraic groups of type \(\mathrm{E}_6\)
- Graded modules over simple Lie algebras
- On the combinatorics of commutators of Lie algebras
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5135324 (Why is no real title available?)
- Jordan gradings on exceptional simple Lie algebras
- Weyl groups of some fine gradings on \(\mathfrak{e}_6\)
- Gradings on the exceptional Lie algebras \(F_4\) and \(G_2\) revisited
- Gradings on the real form \(\mathfrak{e}_{6, -14}\)
- Galois groups and group actions on Lie algebras
- On Kac's Jordan superalgebra
- Groups of central-type, maximal connected gradings and intrinsic fundamental groups of complex semisimple algebras
- An overview of fine gradings on simple Lie algebras
- Degree-inverting involutions on matrix algebras
- Gradings on the Lie algebra \(D_4\) revisited
- Oriented Hopf algebras and their actions.
- Evolution algebras, automorphisms, and graphs
- Extended magmas and their applications
- Graded-division algebras over arbitrary fields
- Group gradings and actions of pointed Hopf algebras
- Lie superalgebras with a set grading
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