Conditional expectation and Bayes' rule for quantum random variables and positive operator valued measures

DOI10.1063/1.3703069MaRDI QIDQ2860747zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Douglas Farenick, Michael J. Kozdron

Publication date 20 November 2013

Published in Journal of Mathematical Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.5638

zbMATH Keywords

Bayes' ruleoperator valued integrationpositive operator valued measuresprobability theory

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Radon-Nikodým, Kre?n-Milman and related properties (46B22) Vector-valued measures and integration (46G10) Noncommutative probability and statistics (46L53)

Abstract: A quantum probability measure is a function on a sigma-algebra of subsets of a (locally compact and Hausdorff) sample space that satisfies the formal requirements for a measure, but whose values are positive operators acting on a complex Hilbert space, and a quantum random variable is a measurable operator valued function. Although quantum probability measures and random variables are used extensively in quantum mechanics, some of the fundamental probabilistic features of these structures remain to be determined. In this paper we take a step toward a better mathematical understanding of quantum random variables and quantum probability measures by introducing a quantum analogue for the expected value of a quantum random variable relative to a quantum probability measure. In so doing we are led to theorems for a change of quantum measure and a change of quantum variables. We also introduce a quantum conditional expectation which results in quantum versions of some standard identities for Radon-Nikodym derivatives. This allows us to formulate and prove a quantum analogue of Bayes' rule.

Review text

The present work represents a step in the development of what the authors call ``quantum probability theory. This consists in a certain combination of the measure theory of operator valued functions with the theory of positive operator valued measures.NEWLINENEWLINEConcretely, consider a triple \((X,\mathcal{O}(X),\nu)\), where \(X\) is a set, \(\mathcal{O}(X)\) a \(\sigma\)-algebra on \(X\) and \(\nu\) a finite measure valued in positive operators on a finite-dimensional complex Hilbert space \(\mathcal{H}\). Let \(\mu=\mathrm{tr}(\nu)\) be the induced positive measure. By a version of the Radon-Nikodým theorem, there is a measurable function \(h:X\to \mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})\) with values in positive operators such that \(\nu(A)=\int_A h\, d\mu\) for \(A\in\mathcal{O}(X)\). Take now the square root \(h^{1/2}:X\to \mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})\) (in the sense of positive operators). Then, for a suitably integrable function \(\psi:X\to \mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})\), define the integral with respect to \(\nu\) by \(\int \psi\, d\nu := \int h^{1/2} \psi\, h^{1/2}\, d\mu\), see [\textit{D. R. Farenick} and \textit{F. Zhou}, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 327, No. 2, 919--929 (2007; Zbl 1120.26010)].NEWLINENEWLINEThis notion of integral is taken to define a ``quantum expected value and developed in the present article in the context of a ``quantum probability theory in analogy to ordinary probability theory. In the authors' words, ``we are led to theorems for a change of quantum measure and a change of quantum variables. We also introduce a quantum conditional expectation which results in quantum versions of some standard identities for Radon-Nikodým derivatives. This allows us to formulate and prove a quantum analogue of Bayes' rule.

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Cites work

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Cited in

(19)

• Expectation functionals of observables and counters
• Schrödinger equations with van der Waals type potentials
• An operator-valued Lyapunov theorem
• Operator valued probability theory
• A non-commutative Bayes' theorem
• \(\mathrm{L}^p\) spaces of operator-valued functions
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7449983 (Why is no real title available?)
• Quantum theory of Jaynes' principle, Bayes' theorem, and information
• Concepts of conditional expectations in quantum theory
• Quantum measures and integrals
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4119006 (Why is no real title available?)
• On operator-valued measures
• Approximately clean quantum probability measures
• Examples of quantum integrals
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5214894 (Why is no real title available?)
• BAYES' FORMULA FOR SECOND QUANTIZATION OPERATORS
• On a quantum martingale convergence theorem
• A quantum Bayes' rule and related inference
• Spectra and variance of quantum random variables

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