Surjectivity of Galois representations associated with quadratic Q-curves
For an elliptic curve \(E\) without complex multiplication defined over a number field \(K\) and for a prime number \(p\), let \(\rho_{E,p}\) be a Galois representation of \(\text{Gal}(\overline K/K)\) to \(\text{GL}_2(\mathbb F_p)\) through the \(p\)-torsion group \(E_p\) of \(E\). \textit{J.-P. Serre} [Invent. Math. 15, 259--331 (1972; Zbl 0235.14012)] showed that \(\rho_{E,p}\) is surjective for sufficiently large \(p\). It remains open to determine whether there exists a uniform bound \(B_K\) depending only on \(K\) for any elliptic curve \(E\) defined over \(K\) such that \(\rho_{E,p}\) is surjective if \(p>B_K\). In this article, the author gives a uniform surjectivity results for Galois representations of \(\mathbb Q\)-curves without complex multiplication defined over imaginary quadratic fields \(K\). For a \(\mathbb Q\)-curve \(E\), let \(d(E)\) be the least common multiple of the minimal degrees of isogenies between \(E\) and its conjugates. For a prime number \(p\) prime to \(d(E)\), let \(\mathbb P\overline\rho_{E,p}\) be the Galois representation defined by \(\mathbb P\overline\rho_{E,p}: \sigma\in\text{ Gal}(\overline{\mathbb Q}/\mathbb Q)\rightarrow(D\rightarrow \mu_\sigma(D^\sigma))\in \text{PGL}(E_p)\) for any \(\mathbb F_p\)-line \(D\) of \(E_p\), where \(\mu\) is an isogeny of \(E^\sigma\) to \(E\). The author shows that \(\mathbb P\overline\rho_{E,p}\) is surjective if \(p>\max(50D_k^{1/4}\log|D_K|,2\cdot 10^{13})\) and \(p\) is prime to the discriminant \(D_K\) of \(K\). Here is the outline of the proof. From constructing an isogeny between abelian surfaces of which degree is a certain product of prime numbers \(p\) such that \(\mathbb P\overline\rho_{E,p}\) is not surjective, and by using an upper bound for the degrees of isogenies given in \textit{É. Gaudron} and \textit{G. Rémond} [Comment. Math. Helv. 89, No. 2, 343--403 (2014; Zbl 1297.11058)], the author obtains a bound containing the Faltings height \(h_F(E)\). To give an upper bound for \(h_F(E)\) not depending on \(E\), the author shows that \(j(E)\) is an integer of \(K\) if \(\mathbb P\overline\rho_{E,p}\) is not surjective, by using Mazur's theory of modular curves and Eisenstein ideal and results on Galois representations in \textit{J. S. Ellenberg} [Am. J. Math. 126, No. 4, 763--787 (2004; Zbl 1059.11041)], and then uses Runge's method to obtain an upper bound independent of \(E\) for the absolute logarithmic height of \(j(E)\).
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