Toric degeneration and nondisplaceable Lagrangian tori in S^2 S^2
A continuum of Lagrangian tori in \(S^2\times S^2\) which are nondisplaceable by a Hamiltonian isotopy is constructed.NEWLINENEWLINE Precisely, let \(\omega_{\text{std}}\) be the symplectic form on \(S^2\) with area \(2\pi\), \(T(u)\) a Lagrangian torus, and \(\Lambda_0\) the Novikov ring with the maximal ideal \(\Lambda_+\). Let \(\text{HF}((T(u), ({\mathfrak b}, b))\), \((T(u)\), \(({\mathfrak b}, b); \Lambda_0)\) be the Floer cohomology of \(T(u)\) with bulk deformation \({\mathfrak b}\) (these are explained in \S2; cf. [\textit{K. Fukaya} et al., Lagrangian intersection Floer theory. Anomaly and obstructions. I, II. AMS/IP Stud. Adv. Math. 46, 1, 46, 2. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS); Somerville, MA: International Press (2009; Zbl 1181.53002; Zbl 1181.53003)]). Then the following theorem is proved.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE NEWLINETheorem 1.1. There exists a continuum of Lagrangian tori \(T(u)\) in \((S^2,\omega_{\text{std}})\times (S^2,\omega_{\text{std}})\), parametrized by the real numbers \(u\in(0,u_0]\) for some \(u_0> 0\) so thatNEWLINE{\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize}\item[1.] If \(u\neq u'\), then \(T(u)\) is not Hamiltonian isotopic to \(T(u')\).\item[2.] For any \(u\), there exists a pair \(({\mathfrak b}, b)\in H^2(S^2\times S^2;\Lambda_+)\times H^1(T(u);\Lambda_0)\) such that the Floer cohomology \(\text{HF}((T(u), ({\mathfrak b}, b))\), \((T(u), ({\mathfrak b}, b);\Lambda_0)\) is isomorophic to \(H(T(u);\Lambda_0)\). In particular, none of them is displaceable.\item[3.] \(T(u)\cap T(u')= \emptyset\) if \(u\neq u'\).\item[4.] There exists a unique \(T(u_0)\) in the above family that is monotone.\item[5.] There exists no syplectomorphism \(\phi\) of \((S^2,\omega_{\text{std}})\times(S^2,\omega_{\text{std}})\) such that \(\phi(T(u_0))= S^1_{\text{eq}}\times S^1_{\text{eq}'}\), the direct product of the equations.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE\end{itemize}}NEWLINEThe authors use the toric Hirzebruch surface \(F_2(\alpha)\), \(0<\alpha< 1\), to construct such continuum. Let NEWLINE\[NEWLINEP(\alpha)=\{u= (u_1,u_2)\in \mathbb{R}^2\mid u_i\geq 0,\, u_2\leq 1-\alpha,\,u_1+ 2u_2\leq 2\}NEWLINE\]NEWLINE be its momentum polytope, and \(\pi: F_2(\alpha)\to P(\alpha)\) the momentum map. Then the fiber \(L(u)=\pi^{-1}( u)\) at \(u\in\text{Int\,}P(\alpha)\) is a Lagrangian torus (\S3). For \(\alpha\to 0\) the limit \(F_2(0)\) of \(F_2(\alpha)\) has singularities. In \S4, its smoothing \(\widehat F_2(0)\) is constructed and shown that it is symplectomorphic to \((S^2,\omega_{\text{std}})\times (S^2,\omega_{\text{std}})\). The authors remark that this result follows from the classification of rational symplectic 4-manifolds due to \textit{D. McDuff} [J. Am. Math. Soc. 3, No. 3, 679--712 (1990; Zbl 0723.53019)]. \(\widehat F_2(0)\) still contains \(L(u)\). As a Lagrangian torus in \(\widehat F_2(0)\), it is denoted by \(T(u)\) and \(T((1- u, u))\) is denoted by \(T(u)\) (Definition 4.1). Then it is shown that \(\{T(u)\mid u> 1/2\}\) is the desired continuum (Theorem 4.2).NEWLINENEWLINE To prove statement 2, the authors use the potential function \({\mathfrak P}{\mathfrak D}^u\) of \(L(u)\) in \(F_2(\alpha)\). NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe definition of potential function is given in \S2.2, Definition 2.3, statements other than 2 of Theorem 1.1 are proved in \S4. It is a function on a certain moduli space \(\widehat{\mathcal M}_{\text{weak}}(L;{\mathfrak m}^{{\mathfrak b}})\) whose definition is already given in \S2.1; cf. [Fukaya et al. (2009), loc. cit.].NEWLINENEWLINE NEWLINEFor Lagrangian torus \(L\) in \((X,\omega)\), if \(H^1(L,\Lambda_0)/ H^1(L; 2\pi\sqrt{-1}\mathbb{Z})\subset \widehat{\mathcal M}_{\text{weak}}(L;{\mathfrak m}^{{\mathfrak b}})\) and \(b\in H^1(L; \Lambda_0)\) is a critical point of the potential function \({\mathfrak P}{\mathfrak D}^L_{{\mathfrak b}}\) of \(L\) with the bulk deformation by \({\mathfrak b}\) it is shown that NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\text{HF}((L,b,{\mathfrak b}), (L,{\mathfrak b}, b))\cong H(L)NEWLINE\]NEWLINE NEWLINE(Theorem 3.2; cf. \textit{K. Fukaya} et al. [Duke Math. J. 151, No. 1, 23--175 (2010; Zbl 1190.53078)]). NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEIn [\textit{D. Auroux}, Surv. Differ. Geom. 13, 1--47 (2009; Zbl 1184.53085)], the potential function \({\mathfrak P}{\mathfrak D}^u\) of \(L(u)\) in \(F_2(\alpha)\), \(\alpha> 0\) is shown to have the form NEWLINE\[NEWLINET^{u_1} y_1+ T^{u_2} y_2+ T^{2-u_1- 2u_2} y^{-1}_1 y^{-2}_2+ (1+ T^{2\alpha}) T^{1-\alpha- u_2} y^{-1}_2,NEWLINE\]NEWLINE where \(u= (u_1, u_2)\) and \(y_i-e^{x_i}\), \(x_i\)'s are the basis of \(H^1(L( u;\Lambda_0))\) (Proposition 3.1 and Theorem 3.1).NEWLINENEWLINE In this paper, showing that the critical values of the potential function of \(S^2(1- \alpha)\times S^2(1+ \alpha)\) are equal to those of \(F_2(\alpha)\), because they are equal to the eigenvalues of the quantum multiplication by the first Chern class on the quantum cohomology (Theorem 5.1), an alternative proof of this result is given in \S5. This formula is still valid when \(\alpha= 0\), that is, the potential function \({\mathfrak P}{\mathfrak D}^T( u)\) of \(T(u)\) in \(\widehat F_2(0)\) takes the form NEWLINE\[NEWLINE{\mathfrak P}{\mathfrak D}^T(u)= T^{u_1} y_1+ T^{u_2} y_2+ T^{2-u_1- 2u_2} y^{-1}_1 y^{-1}_2+ 2T^{1-u_2} y^{-1}_2NEWLINE\]NEWLINE (Theorem 4.1; proved in \S6. Technical parts related to the \(A_\infty\)-algebra associated to a Lagrangian submanifold are given in Appendix A cf. [Fukaya et al. (2009), loc. cit.]). Statement 2 of Theorem 1.1 follows from Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 3.2 (a detailed proof is given in \S7, the last section).NEWLINENEWLINE As an application of Theorem 1.1, an alternative proof of a theorem of Albers-Frauenfelder, asserting that the union \(L_N\subset T^*S^2\), of closed oriented geodesics of unit speed with a minimal period passing through a given point on the round 2-sphere \(S^2\), is a not displaceable by Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms in \(T^*S^2\) [\textit{P. Albers} and \textit{U. Frauenfelder}, Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 61, No. 8, 1046--1051 (2008; Zbl 1142.53067)], is given in Appendix B.
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