Strong and weak (1, 2, 3) homotopies on knot projections

zbMATH Open1327.57009arXiv2005.06267MaRDI QIDQ2948841FDOQ2948841

Noboru Ito

Publication date: 6 October 2015

Abstract: A knot projection is an image of a generic immersion from a circle into a two-dimensional sphere. We can find homotopies between any two knot projections by local replacements of knot projections of three types, called Reidemeister moves. This paper defines an equivalence relation for knot projections called weak (1, 2, 3) homotopy, which consists of Reidemeister moves of type 1, weak type 2, and weak type 3. This paper defines the first non-trivial invariant under weak (1, 2, 3) homotopy. We use this invariant to show that there exist an infinite number of weak (1, 2, 3) homotopy equivalence classes of knot projections. By contrast, all equivalence classes of knot projections consisting of the other variants of a triple type, i.e., Reidemeister moves of (1, strong type 2, strong type 3), (1, weak type 2, strong type 3), and (1, strong type 2, weak type 3), are contractible.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.06267

zbMATH Keywords

homotopyknot projectionsReidemeister movesgeneric spherical curves

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Embeddings and immersions in PL-topology (57Q35)

Cited In (3)

• (1, 2) AND WEAK (1, 3) HOMOTOPIES ON KNOT PROJECTIONS
• When can a link be obtained from another using crossing exchanges and smoothings?
• Thirty-two equivalence relations on knot projections

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