K-theory for real C^*-algebras via unitary elements with symmetries

MaRDI QIDQ323978zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Jeffrey L. Boersema, Terry A. Loring

Publication date 10 October 2016

Published in The New York Journal of Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.03284, http://www.emis.de/journals/NYJM/j/2016/22-53.html

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zbMATH Keywords

\(C^*\)-algebra\(K\)-theory index map\(KO\)-theoryhomotopy symmetric \(C^*\)-algebrareal \(K\)-theorysemiprojective \(C^*\)-algebra

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

(K)-theory and operator algebras (19K99) (K)-theory and operator algebras (including cyclic theory) (46L80)

Abstract: We prove that all eight KO groups for a real C*-algebra can be constructed from homotopy classes of unitary matrices that respect a variety of symmetries. In this manifestation of the KO groups, all eight boundary maps in the 24-term exact sequence associated to an ideal in a real C*-algebra can be computed as exponential or index maps with formulas that are nearly identical to the complex case.

Review text

\(K\)-theory is a fundamental tool in the study of complex \(C^*\)-algebras. The real variant of \(K\)-theory is much less studied, but has recently received new interest because of applications in the theory of topological insulators and in string theory. By Bott periodicity, complex \(K\)-theory consists of two different groups and real \(K\)-theory of eight different groups. The complex \(K\)-groups may be defined through projections and unitaries, respectively. The same is true for the zeroth and first real \(K\)-groups. This article develops similar pictures for the higher real \(K\)-groups: they are all described as groups of unitaries in stabilisations that satisfy certain equations that involve the involution, the real structure, and certain real structures on matrix algebras. In addition, the boundary maps for long exact sequences are described explicitly in this picture. The formulas are similar to the usual ones for complex \(K\)-theory. Some low-dimensional examples are computed explicitly, including formulas for the generators of the real \(K\)-groups in question.NEWLINENEWLINEThe first important step is to describe the \(i\)th real \(K\)-group \(KO_i(B)\) of a real \(C^*\)-algebra \(B\) as the inductive limit of \([A_i, M_n(B)]\) for \(n\to\infty\), for certain real \(C^*\)-algebras \(A_i\). Here, \([,]\) denotes the set of homotopy classes of \(*\)-homomorphisms. For this purpose, the notions of homotopy symmetric \(C^*\)-algebras and semiprojective \(C^*\)-algebras are carried over to the real context, and some results about these notions are extended to real \(C^*\)-algebras. The \(C^*\)-algebras \(A_i\) are shown to be homotopy symmetric and semiprojective. This implies that the inductive limit of \([A_i,M_n(B)]\) gives the \(E\)-theory \(E(A_i,B)\). This is identified with \(KO_i(B)\) by the UCT for real \(C^*\)-algebras.

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• `Real' Gerbes and Dirac cones of topological insulators
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• The Cayley transform in complex, real and graded K-theory
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• The real \(K\)-theory of the sphere with the antipodal involution
• Pictures of KK-theory for real C^*-algebras and almost commuting matrices

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