Large values of the Gowers-Host-Kra seminorms

DOI10.1007/S11854-012-0018-2MaRDI QIDQ351328zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Tanja Eisner, Terence Tao

Publication date 11 July 2013

Published in Journal d'Analyse Mathématique (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.3509

zbMATH Keywords

large values\(U^3\) norms2-step nilsequencesGowers normGowers-Host-Kra seminormproperty testing version

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Arithmetic combinatorics; higher degree uniformity (11B30)

Abstract: The emph{Gowers uniformity norms} $|f{|}_{U^k(G)}$ of a function $f:GoC$ on a finite additive group $G$, together with the slight variant $|f{|}_{U^k([N])}$ defined for functions on a discrete interval $[N]:=1,\mathrm{...},N$, are of importance in the modern theory of counting additive patterns (such as arithmetic progressions) inside large sets. Closely related to these norms are the emph{Gowers-Host-Kra seminorms} $|f{|}_{U^k(X)}$ of a measurable function $f:XoC$ on a measure-preserving system $X=(X,mathcalX,mu,T)$. Much recent effort has been devoted to the question of obtaining necessary and sufficient conditions for these Gowers norms to have non-trivial size (e.g. at least $eta$ for some small $eta>0$), leading in particular to the inverse conjecture for the Gowers norms, and to the Host-Kra classification of characteristic factors for the Gowers-Host-Kra seminorms. In this paper we investigate the near-extremal (or "property testing") version of this question, when the Gowers norm or Gowers-Host-Kra seminorm of a function is almost as large as it can be subject to an $L^{i}nfty$ or $L^p$ bound on its magnitude. Our main results assert, roughly speaking, that this occurs if and only if $f$ behaves like a polynomial phase, possibly localised to a subgroup of the domain; this can be viewed as a higher-order analogue of classical results of Russo and Fournier, and are also related to the polynomiality testing results over finite fields of Blum-Luby-Rubinfeld and Alon-Kaufman-Krivelevich-Litsyn-Ron. We investigate the situation further for the $U^3$ norms, which are associated to 2-step nilsequences, and find that there is a threshold behaviour, in that non-trivial 2-step nilsequences (not associated with linear or quadratic phases) only emerge once the $U^3$ norm is at most $2^{-1/8}$ of the $L^{i}nfty$ norm.

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Cited in

(23)

• A Szemerédi-type theorem for subsets of the unit cube
• On the Gowers norms of certain functions
• Parallelepipeds, nilpotent groups and Gowers norms
• Some open problems on multiple ergodic averages
• Recurrence and non-uniformity of bracket polynomials
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• A point of view on Gowers uniformity norms
• (Uniform) convergence of twisted ergodic averages
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