A bounded linear extension operator for L^2,p( R^2)

DOI10.4007/ANNALS.2013.178.1.3MaRDI QIDQ355135zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Arie Israel

Publication date 24 July 2013

Published in Annals of Mathematics. Second Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.0689

zbMATH Keywords

extensioninterpolationlinear extension operatorSobolev spacesWhitney extension problem

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Continuity and differentiation questions (26B05) Sobolev spaces and other spaces of ``smooth functions, embedding theorems, trace theorems (46E35)

Abstract: For a finite $Esubset{R}^2$, $f:EightarrowR$, and $p>2$, we produce a continuous $F:R^{2}ightarrowR$ depending linearly on $f$, taking the same values as $f$ on $E$, and with $L^{2,p}(R^2)$ semi-norm minimal up to a factor $C=C(p)$. This solves the Whitney extension problem for the Sobolev space $L^{2,p}(R^2)$. A standard method for solving extension problems is to find a collection of local extensions, each defined on a small square, which if chosen to be mutually consistent can be patched together to form a global extension defined on the entire plane. For Sobolev spaces the standard form of consistency is not applicable due to the (generically) non-local structure of the trace norm. In this paper, we define a new notion of consistency among local Sobolev extensions and apply it toward constructing a bounded linear extension operator. Our methods generalize to produce similar results for the $n$-dimensional case, and may be applicable toward understanding higher smoothness Sobolev extension problems.

Review text

The author considers the problem of a smooth extension of real-valued functions. In a general form, this problem is formulated as follows. Let \(E\) be an arbitrary subset of \({\mathbb R}^n\). Let \(\mathbb X\) be a space of real-valued smooth functions on \({\mathbb R}^n\). Given a function \(f : E \to {\mathbb R}\), how can we tell whether there exists a smooth function \(F \in \mathbb X\) such that \(F = f\) on \(E\)? The function \(F\) is called a smooth extension of \(f\). If a smooth extension exists, can we take it to depend linearly on \(f\)? There are many definitions of ``smooth functions and for each such definition we have a variation of the above question.NEWLINENEWLINEThe study of the extension problem was initiated by \textit{H. Whitney} in two classical papers [``Analytic extensions of differentiable functions defined in closed sets, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 36, 63--89 (1934; Zbl 0008.24902)] and ``[Differentiable functions defined in closed sets. I, ibid. 36, 369--387 (1934; Zbl 0009.20803)]. Whitney considered extensions of differentiable functions from closed subsets and solved the problem for the space \(C^m ({\mathbb R})\). Further results for the space \(C^m ({\mathbb R^n})\) were obtained by Y. Brudnyi, P. Shvartsman, C. Fefferman and others. For more information on the history of the subject, see the monograph of \textit{A. Brudnyi} and \textit{Y. Brudnyi} [Methods of geometric analysis in extension and trace problems. Vol. 1. Basel: Birkhäuser (2012; Zbl 1253.46001)].NEWLINENEWLINELet \({\mathbb X}=L^{m,p}({\mathbb R}^n)\) be the Sobolev space of real-valued functions with \(m\)th derivatives belonging to \(L^p\), \(n<p<\infty\), with the seminorm \(\|F\|_{\mathbb X}:=\left( \int_{{\mathbb R}^n}|\nabla^m F(x)|^p\right)^{1/p}\). Define the trace space \({\mathbb X}|_E= \{F|_E ; F\in {\mathbb X}\}\) with the trace seminorm \(\|f\|_{{\mathbb X}|_E} := \inf \{\|F\|_{\mathbb X}: F\in {\mathbb X}\), \(F|_E=f \} \) for \(f\in {\mathbb X}|_E\).NEWLINENEWLINEThe results on the extension problem for \({\mathbb X}=L^{m,p}({\mathbb R}^n)\) are modest compared with those for \({\mathbb X}=C^m(\mathbb R^n)\). The solutions are known only for some special cases: for \({\mathbb X}=L^{m,p}({\mathbb R})\), \({\mathbb X}=L^{1,p}({\mathbb R}^n)\) and some others. In the paper under review, the author gives the solution for \({\mathbb X}=L^{2,p}({\mathbb R}^2)\), \(p>2\). The case of arbitrary \(E\) is reduced to the case of a finite subset \(E\). The main result is the following theorem.NEWLINENEWLINETheorem 1. Let \(2 < p < \infty\). Suppose that \(E \subset {\mathbb R}^2\) has cardinality \(\#E=N<\infty\). Then there exists a bounded linear extension operator \(T: L^{2,p}({\mathbb R}^2)|_E\to L^{2,p}({\mathbb R}^2)\) with norm \(C\). Moreover, there exist linear functionals \(\lambda_1, \lambda_2,\dots, \lambda_K\), where \(K<CN^2\), such that \(M(f)=\left(\sum^K_{k=1}|\lambda_k(f)|^p\right)^{1/p}\) satisfies \(C^{-1}M(f)\leq \|f\|_{L^{2,p}({\mathbb R}^2)|_E} \leq CM(f)\) for all \(f:E\to {\mathbb R}\). Here, the constant \(C > 1\) depends only on \(p\).

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Cited in

(18)

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• \(C^{1, \omega }\) extension formulas for $1$-jets on Hilbert spaces
• Nonnegative C^2( R^2) interpolation
• Radial extensions in fractional Sobolev spaces
• Smooth convex extensions of convex functions
• Extension of vector-valued functions
• Approximate extension in Sobolev space
• Sobolev extension by linear operators
• Does a compact operator admit a maximal domain for its compact linear extension?
• Linear extension operators for restrictions of function spaces to irregular open sets
• Sobolev \(W^1_p\)-spaces on \(d\)-thick closed subsets of \({\mathbb{R}}^n \)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5024030 (Why is no real title available?)
• Linear extension operators for Sobolev spaces on radially symmetric binary trees
• New estimates of Rychkov's universal extension operator for Lipschitz domains and some applications
• The existence of a bounded linear extension operator for \(L^{s, p}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) when \(\frac{n}{p} < \{s\}\)
• Sobolev extension in a simple case
• The structure of Sobolev extension operators
• On planar Sobolev L_p^m-extension domains

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