The averaging principle and periodic solutions for nonlinear evolution equations at resonance

DOI10.1016/J.NA.2013.02.030MaRDI QIDQ387151zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 19 December 2013

Published in Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods \& Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.00158

zbMATH Keywords

evolution equation fractional power space heat equation, periodic solution resonanse, sectorial operator, semigroups of operators spectral decomposition topological degree translation along trajectories operator

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Periodic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C25) Averaging method for ordinary differential equations (34C29) Nonlinear differential equations in abstract spaces (34G20) Applications of operator theory to differential and integral equations (47N20)

Abstract: We study the existence of

T

-periodic solutions

(T > 0)

for the first order differential equations being at resonance at infinity, where the right hand side is the perturbations of a sectorial operator. Our aim is to prove an index formula expressing the topological degree of the associated translation along trajectories operator on appropriately large ball, in terms of special geometrical assumptions imposed on the nonlinearity. We also prove that the geometrical assumptions are generalization of well known Landesman-Lazer and strong resonance conditions. Obtained index formula is used to derive the criteria determining the existence of

T

-periodic solutions for the heat equation being at resonance at infinity.

Review text

The author considers semilinear differential equations of the formNEWLINE\[NEWLINE u'(t)=-Au(t)+\lambda u(t)+F(t,u(t))\quad\text{for }\;t>0, \tag{1}NEWLINE\]NEWLINE where \(\lambda\) is a real number, \(A: X\supset D(A) \to X\) is a sectorial operator acting on a Banach space \(X\) and \(F: [0,+ \infty) \times X^{\alpha} \to X\) is a continuous mapping (here, \(X^{\alpha}\) for \(\alpha \in (0,1)\) is a fractional power space defined by \(X^{\alpha}:=D((A+\delta I)^{\alpha})\), where \(\delta >0\) is such that the operator \(A+\delta I\) is positive definite).NEWLINENEWLINEThe author begins his examination by considering a special direct sum decomposition of a Banach space \(X:=X_{-}\oplus X_{0}\oplus X_{+}\). Next, assuming that the mapping \(F\) depends also on a parameter \(s\in [0,1]\), he proves, under suitable assumptions on \(F\) and \(A\), that the equation ({1}) possesses a unique mild solution, and he discusses the continuity of mild solutions, with respect to initial data and parameters.NEWLINENEWLINEFurther, assuming that the nonlinearity in the equation ({1}) is of the form \(\epsilon F\), where \(\epsilon \in[0,1]\) is a parameter, he proves the resonant version of the averaging principle for such equation, expressing the fixed point index of the translation along trajectories in terms of the averaging of the right-hand side of the equation under consideration.NEWLINENEWLINEIn Section 5, which seems to be the main part of this paper, the author, imposing some geometrical conditions on the nonlinearity \(F\), proves the index formula for periodic solutions to the equation ({1}) being at resonanse at infinity, which determines the Leray-Schauder degree of the vector field \(I-\Phi_{T}\), where \(\Phi_{T}: X^{\alpha} \to X^{\alpha}\) denotes the translation along trajectories, with respect to a ball with sufficiently large radius. Obviously, this theorem is a tool for looking for fixed points of the operator \(\Phi_{T}\). As an application, the author studies the existence of \(T\)-periodic solutions for partial differential equation of the form NEWLINE\[NEWLINE u_{t}(t,x)=-{\mathcal A}u(t,x)+\lambda u(t,x)+f(t,x,u(t,x),\nabla u(t,x)),\quad t>0,\;x\in\Omega, NEWLINE\]NEWLINE being at resonanse at infinity, where \(\lambda \in \mathbb R\), \(f: [0,+\infty) \times \mathbb R \times \mathbb R \to \mathbb R\) is a continuous mapping satisfying suitable assumptions (\(\Omega\in\mathbb R^n\) denotes here an open bounded set with the boundary \(\partial \Omega\) of the class \(C^{\infty}\)) and \({\mathcal A}\) is a second order differential operator.

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