Krawtchouk polynomials, the Lie algebra sl₂, and Leonard pairs

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2012.02.006MaRDI QIDQ417601zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Kazumasa Nomura, Paul Terwilliger

Publication date 14 May 2012

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.1645

zbMATH Keywords

Krawtchouk polynomialsLeonard pair

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Combinatorial aspects of representation theory (05E10) Representations of Lie algebras and Lie superalgebras, algebraic theory (weights) (17B10) Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45)

Abstract: A Leonard pair is a pair of diagonalizable linear transformations of a finite-dimensional vector space, each of which acts in an irreducible tridiagonal fashion on an eigenbasis for the other one. In the present paper we give an elementary but comprehensive account of how the following are related: (i) Krawtchouk polynomials; (ii) finite-dimensional irreducible modules for the Lie algebra $mathfrak{sl}_2$; (iii) a class of Leonard pairs said to have Krawtchouk type. Along the way we obtain elementary proofs of some well-known facts about Krawtchouk polynomials, such as the three-term recurrence, the orthogonality, the difference equation, and the generating function. The paper is a tutorial meant for a graduate student or a researcher unfamiliar with the above topics.

Review text

In this paper the authors give a self-contained exposition on the appearance of Krawtchouk polynomials and Leonard pairs in the study of finite-dimensional representations of the Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{sl}(2)\). Many of the results were previously known but they are presented here as a tutorial.NEWLINENEWLINEDenote by \(h\) the standard Cartan element of \(\mathfrak{sl}(2)\), \(e\) the positive and \(f\) the negative root vector. It is well known that the matrices corresponding to the action of \(h\) and \(e+f\) are conjugated by the action of a matrix with entries given in terms of the Krawtchouk polynomials \(K_i(-;1/2,N)\). The first result in the paper is that this property can be extended to any pair of normalized semisimple elements of \(\mathfrak{sl}(2)\) (elements in the \(\mathrm{SL}(2)\)-orbit of \(h\)). There, the corresponding matrix elements are expressed in terms of the Krawtchouk polynomials \(K_i(-;p,N)\) with \(p\) determined by the action of the Killing form on the pair.NEWLINENEWLINEThen the notion of Leonard pair is introduced and explored, in particular the Leonard pairs of Krawtchouk type. It follows that the matrices corresponding to the action of a pair of normalized semisimple elements of \(\mathfrak{sl}(2)\) on an irreducible finite-dimensional representation form a Leonard pair of Krawtchouk type. Reversely, any pair of matrices that is a Leonard pair of Krawtchouk type generates an irreducible representation of \(\mathfrak{sl}(2)\).

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Cited in

(25)

• Dual polar graphs, the quantum algebra \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_{2})\), and Leonard systems of dual \(q\)-Krawtchouk type
• Double lowering operators on polynomials
• Linking the special orthogonal algebra \(\mathfrak{so}_4\) and the tetrahedron algebra \(\boxtimes \)
• Self-dual Leonard pairs
• Spectrum and eigenvectors for a class of tridiagonal matrices
• Totally bipartite Leonard pairs and totally bipartite Leonard triples of \(q\)-Racah type
• Leonard pairs and Leonard triples of \(q\)-Racah type from the quantum algebra \(U_q(sl_2)\)
• Leonard pairs from the equitable basis of sl2
• Leonard triples of Krawtchouk type
• Tridiagonal test matrices for eigenvalue computations: two-parameter extensions of the Clement matrix
• Representations of \(sl(2)\) in the Boolean lattice, and the Hamming and Johnson schemes
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7373356 (Why is no real title available?)
• On Lee association schemes over \(\mathbb{Z}_4\) and their Terwilliger algebra
• Leonard pairs and quantum algebra \(U_q(sl_{2})\)
• Compatibility and companions for Leonard pairs
• The Clebsch-Gordan rule for \(U(\mathfrak{sl}_2)\), the Krawtchouk algebras and the Hamming graphs
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• Tridiagonal pairs of Krawtchouk type arising from finite-dimensional irreducible \(\mathfrak{so}_4\)-modules
• Doubling (dual) Hahn polynomials: classification and applications

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