Optimal choices of reference for a quasi-local energy

DOI10.1016/J.PHYSLETA.2010.07.004zbMATH Open1238.83011arXiv0909.2754OpenAlexW1966409581MaRDI QIDQ420437FDOQ420437

James M. Nester, Ming-Fan Wu, Jian-Liang Liu, Chiang-Mei Chen

Publication date: 22 May 2012

Published in: Physics Letters. A (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: We have proposed a program for determining the reference for the quasi-local energy defined in the covariant Hamiltonian formalism. Our program has been tested by applying it to the spherically symmetric spacetimes. With respect to different observers we found that the quasi-local energy can be positive, zero, or even negative. The observer measuring the maximum energy was identified; the associated energy is positive for both the Schwarzschild and the Friedmann-Lema^{i}tre-Robertson-Walker spacetimes.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/0909.2754

zbMATH Keywords

covariant HamiltonianHamiltonian boundary termquasi-local energyreference spacetime

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Lagrangian formalism and Hamiltonian formalism in mechanics of particles and systems (70S05) Einstein's equations (general structure, canonical formalism, Cauchy problems) (83C05) Classes of solutions; algebraically special solutions, metrics with symmetries for problems in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C20)

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Cited In (4)

• Quasi-local energy for spherically symmetric spacetimes
• Gravitational energy for GR and Poincaré gauge theories: a covariant Hamiltonian approach
• Quasi-local energy-momentum and angular momentum in general relativity
• General parallel cosmology

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