scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1918654

Authors

Publication date 27 August 2003

\(W\)-essential left ideals A-radicals left hereditary radicals semisimple classes upper radicals

General radicals and associative rings (16N80)

A class \(\mathcal M\) of rings is called hereditary (left hereditary) if every ideal (left ideal) \(I\) of a ring \(A\in{\mathcal M}\) is a member of \(\mathcal M\). A radical \(\gamma\) is called an A-radical if \(R\in\gamma\) if and only if \(R^\circ\in\gamma\), for any ring \(R\), where \(R^\circ\) is a zeroring over the additive group of \(R\). A left ideal \(L\) of a ring \(A\) is called \(W\)-essential (and is denoted by \(L\vartriangleleft_l^wA\)) if \(W\overset\triangleleft\neq L\vartriangleleft_lA\) and \(I\cap L\subseteq W\) imply \(I=0\), for any ideal \(I\) of \(A\). The authors characterize hereditary classes \(\mathcal M\) of rings which have left hereditary upper radicals \(\mathcal{UM}\). They also give characterizations of semisimple classes of left hereditary and hereditary A-radicals. In particular, the authors prove that for a hereditary class \(\mathcal M\) of rings the upper radical \(\mathcal{UM}\) is left hereditary if and only if \(\mathcal M\) satisfies the following condition: Let \(L\vartriangleleft_l^wA\) and \(L/W\in{\mathcal M}\). If either \(W^3=0\) or \((L/W)^2=0\), then \(A\) has a nonzero homomorphic image in \(\mathcal M\). The authors also show that the following conditions are equivalent for a radical \(\gamma\): (I) \(\gamma\) is left hereditary. (II) Let \(L\vartriangleleft_l^wA\) and \(L/W\in{\mathcal S}\gamma\), where \({\mathcal S}\gamma\) denotes the semisimple class of \(\gamma\). If either \(LW=0\) or \((L/W)^2=0\), then \(A\in{\mathcal S}\gamma\). (III) Let \(L\vartriangleleft_l^wA\) and \(W=\gamma(L)\). If either \(L\gamma(L)=0\) or \((L/\gamma(L))^2=0\), then \(A\in{\mathcal S}\gamma\). Then they conclude that a radical \(\gamma\) is left hereditary if and only if \(\gamma\) satisfies the condition (\(\diamond\)): If given a ring \(A\) and a left ideal \(L\) of \(A\) such that for \(I\vartriangleleft A\), \(I\cap L\subseteq\gamma(L)\) imply \(I=0\), then \(A\in{\mathcal S}\gamma\). Finally, the authors prove that \(\gamma\) is a hereditary A-radical if and only if \({\mathcal S}\gamma\) is left hereditary and satisfies one of the following conditions: (II), (III), and (\(\diamond\)).

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