Octonions, Jordan algebras and exceptional groups
This book is an updated and revised English version of the German notes on octaves, Jordan algebras and exceptional groups which appeared as mimeographed lecture notes of Göttingen University in 1963. It is still an excellent reference on the subject which is now available again. The first chapter contains the basic theory of composition algebras without restrictions on the characteristic of the underlying field \(k\). Also a classification of composition algebras over some special fields is given. In the second chapter the group \(\text{Aut}(C)\) of (linear) automorphisms of an octonion algebra \(C\) over a field of arbitrary characteristic is studied. \(\text{Aut}(C)\) is a subgroup of the orthogonal group \(O(N)\) of the norm \(N\) of \(C\). Let \(K\) be an algebraic closure of \(k\) and let \(C_K = K\otimes_k C\). Then the automorphism group \({\mathbf G} = \text{Aut}(C_K)\) is a linear algebraic group. \(G\) is also a closed subgroup of the algebraic group \(\mathbf O(N)\). The group \(\mathbf G\) is identified as a connected, simple algebraic group of type \(G_2\). Moreover, it is shown that \(\mathbf G\) is defined over \(k\). Thus the automorphism group \(G\) is the group \({\mathbf G}(k)\) of \(k\)-rational points of the algebraic group \(\mathbf G\). Chapter 3 deals with algebraic triality in the group of similarities and in the orthogonal group \(O(N)\) of the norm \(N\) of an octonion algebra \(C\). Moreover, the related triality in the Lie algebras of these groups, the so-called local triality, is considered. Chapter 4 focuses on twisted composition algebras. First twisted composition algebras are considered in the case, that the separable cubic extension \(t\) of the underlying field \(k\) is normal, hence a cubic cyclic extension. In this case the characteristic of \(k\) can be arbitrary. These algebras are called ``normal twisted composition algebras and were introduced by T. A. Springer. The concept of twisted composition algebras has been generalized by F. D. Veldkamp to the case that the separable cubic extension of \(k\) is not normal. Here the characteristics 2 and 3 have to be excluded. In both cases one has a vector space with an additional operation which is binary in the normal case and unary in the nonnormal case. Also the automorphism groups of twisted composition algebras are studied and some explicit constructions of twisted composition algebras are given. In chapter 5 a class of Jordan algebras is discussed which includes the exceptional central simple Jordan algebras or Albert algebras. Albert algebras are connected with exceptional simple groups of type \(E_6\) and \(F_4\). Here only the so-called \(J\)-algebras are considered and described by simple axioms. Thereby characteristic 3 is excluded for technical reasons, but characteristic \(\neq 2\) is essential for the approach given here. Thus a description of all reduced \(J\)-algebras is obtained. Chapter 6 develops another description of \(J\)-algebras including the nonreduced ones. For this purpose \(J\)-algebras and twisted composition algebras are linked together. Thus a \(J\)-algebra is reduced if and only if certain twisted composition algebras are reduced. In particular, every \(J\)- algebra over an algebraic number field is reduced. Chapter seven deals with some exceptional groups which are associated with Albert algebras. First the automorphism group of an Albert algebra is determined. It is shown that this is an exceptional simple group oftype \(F_4\). Then the group of transformations leaving the cubic form det invariant is studied and is identified as a group of type \(E_6\). The underlying fields are supposed to be of characteristic \(\neq 2,3\). The concluding chapter eight gives a sketchy survey on more recent results in the theory of octonion and Albert algebras. First a rudimentary exposition of some notions from Galois cohomology is given. Then some cohomological invariants of composition algebras, especially of octonion algebras, of twisted octonion algebras and of Albert algebras are considered. Finally the relation between the decomposition of an Albert division algebra \(A\) into subspaces and the Freudenthal-Tits-construction (or first Tits construction) is indicated.
- Octonions and subalgebras of the exceptional algebras
- Constructions for octonion and exceptional Jordan algebras
- The octonions as a twisted group algebra
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3849447
- OCTONIONS AND SUPER-LIE ALGEBRA
- Quaternionic and octonionic structures of the exceptional Lie algebras
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1568895
- Subalgebras of the split octonions
- Jordan algebras, exceptional groups, and Bhargava composition
- Quasialgebra structure of the octonions
- On Nurowski's conformal structure associated to a generic rank two distribution in dimension five
- The étale Tits process of Jordan algebras revisited.
- Transitive groups of similitudes generated by octonions
- Isotopes of Hurwitz algebras
- Involutions of type \(\mathrm{G}_{2}\) over fields of characteristic two
- On elation Laguerre planes with a two-transitive orbit on the set of generators
- Subalgebras of the split octonions
- On an intrinsically local gauge symmetric \(\mathrm {SU}(3)\) field theory for quantum chromodynamics
- Exceptionally simple PDE
- Subforms of norm forms of octonion fields
- Cross products, invariants, and centralizers
- Isotopes of octonion algebras, \(\mathbf{G}_{2}\)-torsors and triality
- \(\mathbb{R} \otimes \mathbb{C}\otimes \mathbb{H}\otimes \mathbb{O}\)-valued gravity as a grand unified field theory
- Subgroups of \(\mathrm{Spin}(7)\) or \(\mathrm{SO}(7)\) with each element conjugate to some element of \(\mathrm{G}_2\) and applications to automorphic forms
- Rational orbits of the space of pairs of exceptional Jordan algebras
- Embeddings of rank-2 tori in algebraic groups
- Freudenthal triple systems by root system methods
- Reality properties of conjugacy classes in G₂.
- Clifford parallelisms defined by octonions
- The structure group of an alternative algebra
- Extended generalized octagons and the group \(He\)
- Outer automorphisms of algebraic groups and determining groups by their maximal tori.
- Polarities and planar collineations of Moufang planes
- Minuscule embeddings
- Two examples of affine homogeneous varieties
- Relations in quantized function algebras
- The cyclicity problem for Albert algebras
- Symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic key exchange protocols in the octonion algebra
- On the residue method for period integrals
- Two lives: compositions of unimodular rows
- Alternative rings whose associators are not zero-divisors
- On \(R\)-triviality of \(F_4\)
- Splitting of quadratic Pfister forms over purely inseparable extensions in characteristic 2
- Generic stabilizers for simple algebraic groups
- Steinberg groups for Jordan pairs: an introduction with open problems
- Calabi-Yau structure and Bargmann type transformation on the Cayley projective plane
- Arithmetic groups and the Lehmer conjecture
- Affine Grassmannians for triality groups
- Octonions and the two strictly projective tight 5-designs
- Affine representability of quadrics revisited
- A taxonomy of twists of supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory
- BiHom-alternative, BiHom-Malcev and BiHom-Jordan algebras
- Computing \(n\)-th roots in \(\text{SL}_{2}\) and Fibonacci polynomials
- Cross products, automorphisms, and gradings
- A \(\mathrm{G}_2\)-period of a Fourier coefficient of an Eisenstein series on \(\mathrm{E}_6\)
- Rational subgroups and invariants of \(F_4\)
- On the complex Cayley Grassmannian
- The Riemann curvature tensor and Higgs scalar field within CAM theory
- Real elements in groups of type \(F_4\)
- Exotic one-parameter semigroups of endomorphisms of a symmetric cone
- Rolling balls and octonions
- Purity of G₂-torsors
- The lengths of the quaternion and octonion algebras
- Maximal representations of cocompact complex hyperbolic lattices, a uniform approach
- A survey on Albert algebras
- The nullcone of the Lie algebra of \(G_2\)
- Geometric cycles with local coefficients and the cohomology of arithmetic subgroups of the exceptional group \(G_{2}\)
- Moufang sets arising from polarities of Moufang planes over octonion division algebras
- Calculations in exceptional groups over rings.
- Jordan algebras, exceptional groups, and Bhargava composition
- Indecomposable forms of higher degree
- A characterization of the full wreath product.
- Geometries, the principle of duality, and algebraic groups
- Examples of algebraic groups of type G₂ having the same maximal tori
- Local derivations and automorphisms of Cayley algebras
- Octonion polynomials with values in a subalgebra
- Geometrical applications of split octonions
- Trace Invariants of Finite-Dimensional Algebras
- Octonionic geometry and conformal transformations
- E₈, the most exceptional group
- Automorphisms of Albert algebras and a conjecture of Tits and Weiss
- Geometry of root elements in groups of type E₆.
- Properties of a 27-dimensional space of symmetric bilinear forms acted on by E₆
- Essential dimension of Albert algebras
- Structure theory for the group algebra of the symmetric group, with applications to polynomial identities for the octonions
- Isomorphism classes of \(k\)-involutions of algebraic groups of type \(\mathrm{E}_6\)
- Heisenberg groups over composition algebras
- Normalizer of the Chevalley group of type E₆.
- A₂-proof of structure theorems for Chevalley groups of type F₄.
- Chern class formulas for $G_{2}$ Schubert loci
- Structure Theorems for Jordan Algebras of Degree Three Over Fields of Arbitrary Characteristic
- Linear preservers and representations with a 1-dimensional ring of invariants
- Commuting U-operators in Jordan algebras
- Polynomial equations over octonion algebras
- Octonionic black holes
- Geometric cycles, arithmetic groups and their cohomology
- Small principal series and exceptional duality for two simply laced exceptional groups
- Maximal subalgebras of octonions
- The Lie algebra of type \(G_2\) is rational over its quotient by the adjoint action
- Explicit orbit classification of reducible Jordan algebras and Freudenthal triple systems
- Invariants mod-2 and subgroups of G₂ and F₄
- A Jordan algebra approach to the cubic eiconal equation
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3558019 (Why is no real title available?)
- Linear bounds for levels of stable rationality
- OCTONIONS AND SUPER-LIE ALGEBRA
- Stabilizers of subspaces under similitudes of the Klein quadric, and automorphisms of Heisenberg algebras
- Abelian varieties isogenous to a Jacobian
- The octonions
- Generation of groups by rank-2 tori
- Generalizing the Pappus and Reye configurations
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