scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1514329
A pedagogical introduction to the work of Seiberg and Witten on \(S\)-duality and the exact results of \(N=2\) supersymmetric gauge theories with and without matter is given. The notes are divided into four sections. Section 1 is devoted to an introduction to monopoles in gauge theories. The Dirac monopole and the 't Hooft-Polyakov monopole in gauge theories with spontaneous symmetry breaking are described. The notion of Bogomol'nyi bound and the BPS states are introduced. The topological classification of monopoles and the Montonen-Olive conjecture of electric-magnetic duality are given. It is shown how, in the presence of a \(\theta\)-term in the Lagrangian, the electric charge of a monopole is shifted by its magnetic charge. Section 2 is devoted to an introduction to supersymmetric gauge theories. First the supersymmetry algebra and its representations without and with central charges and discuss its local realizations in terms of superfields are described. Then \(N=1\) Lagrangians and finally, \(N=2\) supersymmetric Lagrangians with both gauge multiplets and matter multiplets (hypermultiplets) are constructed and the \(N=2\) central charge both in the pure gauge theory, as well as in the theory with matter are calculated and its relation to the BPS bound is established. In section 3 the Seiberg-Witten analysis of the \(N=2\) pure gauge theory with gauge group \(\text{SU}(2)\) is presented. The parametrization of the moduli space and the breaking of R-symmetries are discussed. It is shown how the chiral \(U(1)\) anomaly of the theory can be used to obtain the one-loop form of the low-energy effective action and how to find the exact low-energy effective action by using duality and the singularity structure on the moduli space of the theory. The exact solution is expressed in terms of complete elliptic integrals. In section 4 the Seiberg-Witten analysis of \(N=2\) \(\text{SU}(2)\) gauge theory with \(N_f\) matter fields is described. After a discussion of the general features of these theories, it is shown why the duality group is no longer pure \(\text{SL}(2,\mathbb Z)\). The singularity structure on the moduli space of these theories is given.
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