scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1560749
The author considers complex rational differential equations on \(\mathbb{C}^2\), \[ \frac{dv}{du}=\frac{P_n(u,v)}{Q_n(u,v)}\tag{1} \] having an invariant infinity line; \(P,Q\) are complex polynomials of degree \(n\). Equation (1) has \(n+1\) singularities at infinity (taken with multiplicities). Going around them in the infinity line generates conformal mappings of a transversal line to itself near infinity. The group generated by these conformal mapping is called the monodromy group at infinity. In the previous joint paper of \textit{Y. S. Hyashenko} and the author [Russ. J. Math. Phys. 2, No. 3, 275-315 (1994; Zbl 0915.34005)] it is shown that the generic equation (1) has the free monodromy group at infinity. In the paper under review, the author studies the description of those differential equations that have a commutative monodromy group at infinity. The most known equations with a commutative monodromy group are rational-homogeneous equations and Hamiltonian equations. It was shown by \textit{Y. S. Ilyashenko} and the author [Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 213, 50-67 (1996; Zbl 0879.34005)] that in a neighborhood of a generic Hamiltonian equation all equations having a commutative monodromy group are Hamiltonian. One of the main results of the paper under review (Theorem 1) is an explicit description of the subspace of equations with a commutative monodromy group in the space of generic rational differential equations of degree two. ``Generic means some (explicitly written) genericity assumption on the characteristic numbers of the singular points at infinity. It appears that each generic rational differential equation of degree two with commutative monodromy group at infinity is affine equivalent either to a rational-homogeneous differential equation, or to an equation taking the form \[ \frac{dz}{dw}=z\frac{(\sigma w+\sigma_0)(1+z)}{(w^2-1)(1+\sigma z)},\quad \sigma,\sigma_0\in\mathbb{C},\tag{2} \] in the coordinates \(z=\frac 1u,\) \(w=\frac vu\). The author provides four families of quadratic differential equations (1) with a commutative monodromy group that do not satisfy the previous genericity assumption and are not affine equivalent to neither a homogeneous equation nor (2). The second main result (Theorem 2) deals with equations (1) of arbitrary degree. It says that any generic rational-homogeneous differential equation has a neighborhood where all equations with a commutative monodromy group lie in some manifold \(\mathcal M\) of codimension \([\frac{3(n^2-1)}4]\). The author shows (in Theorem 2') that a generic rational-homogeneous equation (1) (in the same sense, as in the Theorem 2) admits \(n+1\) independent one-parametric nondegenerate holomorphic deformations that leave the monodromy group commutative and in each of them the perturbed equation is not affine equivalent to a homogeneous one. He also shows that there is no \(k\)-parametric deformation with the same properties for \(k>[\frac{n^2+12n+8}4]\).
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