Discrete Dirac operators, critical embeddings and Ihara-Selberg functions

Publication date 22 January 2015

Published in The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0912.3200, http://www.combinatorics.org/ojs/index.php/eljc/article/view/v22i1p10

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zbMATH Keywords

critical embedding discrete conformal structure Ihara-Selberg function Ising partition function

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Planar graphs; geometric and topological aspects of graph theory (05C10) Graphs and linear algebra (matrices, eigenvalues, etc.) (05C50) Relations of low-dimensional topology with graph theory (57M15) Lattice systems (Ising, dimer, Potts, etc.) and systems on graphs arising in equilibrium statistical mechanics (82B20)

Abstract: The aim of the paper is to formulate a discrete analogue of the claim made by Alvarez-Gaume et al., realizing the partition function of the free fermion on a closed Riemann surface of genus g as a linear combination of 2^{2g} Pfaffians of Dirac operators. Let G=(V,E) be a finite graph embedded in a closed Riemann surface X of genus g, x_e the collection of independent variables associated with each edge e of G (collected in one vector variable x) and S the set of all 2^{2g} Spin-structures on X. We introduce 2^{2g} rotations rot_s and (2|E| times 2|E|) matrices D(s)(x), s in S, of the transitions between the oriented edges of G determined by rotations rot_s. We show that the generating function for the even subsets of edges of G, i.e., the Ising partition function, is a linear combination of the square roots of 2^{2g} Ihara-Selberg functions I(D(s)(x)) also called Feynman functions. By a result of Foata--Zeilberger holds I(D(s)(x))= det(I-D'(s)(x)), where D'(s)(x) is obtained from D(s)(x) by replacing some entries by 0. Thus each Feynman function is computable in polynomial time. We suggest that in the case of critical embedding of a bipartite graph G, the Feynman functions provide suitable discrete analogues for the Pfaffians of discrete Dirac operators.

Review text

Summary: The aim of the paper is to formulate a discrete analogue of the claim made by \textit{L. Alvarez-Gaume} et al. [Commun. Math. Phys. 112, 503--552 (1987; Zbl 0647.14019)], realizing the partition function of the free fermion on a closed Riemann surface of genus \(g\) as a linear combination of \(2^{2g}\) Pfaffians of Dirac operators. Let \(G=(V,E)\) be a finite graph embedded in a closed Riemann surface \(X\) of genus \(g\), \(x_e\) the collection of independent variables associated with each edge \(e\) of \(G\) (collected in one vector variable \(x\)) and \(\Sigma\) the set of all \(2^{2g}\) spin-structures on \(X\). We introduce \(2^{2g}\) rotations \(\operatorname{rot}_s\) and \((2|E|\times 2|E|)\) matrices \(\Delta(s)(x)\), \(s\in \Sigma\), of the transitions between the oriented edges of \(G\) determined by rotations \(\operatorname{rot}_s\). We show that the generating function of the even sets of edges of \(G\), i.e., the Ising partition function, is a linear combination of the square roots of \(2^{2g}\) Ihara-Selberg functions \(I(\Delta(s)(x))\) also called Feynman functions. By a result of \textit{D. Foata} and \textit{D. Zeilberger} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 351, No. 6, 2257--2274 (1999; Zbl 0921.05025)] \(I(\Delta(s)(x))=\det(I-\Delta'(s)(x))\), where \(\Delta'(s)(x)\) is obtained from \(\Delta(s)(x)\) by replacing some entries by \(0\). Thus each Feynman function is computable in a polynomial time. We suggest that in the case of critical embedding of a bipartite graph \(G\), the Feynman functions provide suitable discrete analogues for the Pfaffians of Dirac operators.

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