Liouville Brownian motion at criticality

DOI10.1007/S11118-015-9467-4MaRDI QIDQ494704zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Rémi Rhodes, Vincent Vargas

Publication date 2 September 2015

Published in Potential Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.5847

zbMATH Keywords

Brownian motionLiouville quantum field theory

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Green's functions for elliptic equations (35J08) Heat kernel (35K08) Brownian motion (60J65) Model quantum field theories (81T10) String and superstring theories; other extended objects (e.g., branes) in quantum field theory (81T30) Gravitational interaction in quantum theory (81V17) Lattice systems (Ising, dimer, Potts, etc.) and systems on graphs arising in equilibrium statistical mechanics (82B20) Dynamic lattice systems (kinetic Ising, etc.) and systems on graphs in time-dependent statistical mechanics (82C20) Quantization of the gravitational field (83C45)

Abstract: In this paper, we construct the Brownian motion of Liouville Quantum Gravity with central charge $c=1$ (more precisely we restrict to the corresponding free field theory). Liouville quantum gravity with $c=1$ corresponds to two-dimensional string theory and is the conjectural scaling limit of large planar maps weighted with a $O(n=2)$ loop model or a $Q=4$-state Potts model embedded in a two dimensional surface in a conformal manner. Following cite{GRV1}, we start by constructing the critical LBM from one fixed point $xinmathbb{R}^2$ (or $xin{S}^2$), which amounts to changing the speed of a standard planar Brownian motion depending on the local behaviour of the critical Liouville measure $M^{\prime }(dx)=-X(x)e^{2X(x)},dx$ (where $X$ is a Gaussian Free Field, say on $mathbb{S}^2$). Extending this construction simultaneously to all points in $mathbb{R}^2$ requires a fine analysis of the potential properties of the measure $M^{\prime }$. This allows us to construct a strong Markov process with continuous sample paths living on the support of $M^{\prime }$, namely a dense set of Hausdorff dimension $0$. We finally construct the associated Liouville semigroup, resolvent, Green function, heat kernel and Dirichlet form. In passing, we extend to quite a general setting the construction of the critical Gaussian multiplicative chaos that was initiated in cite{Rnew7,Rnew12} and also establish new capacity estimates for the critical Gaussian multiplicative chaos.

Review text

In physics, toy models have a long tradition. They are used when the realistic problem at hand is too difficult to solve and a toy model seems to offer some glimpses of the reality. This happened to the non-perturbative solutions in quantum field theory and to the confinement problem in quantum chromodynamics which led physicists to throw off the burden of the \(3+1\) (Minkowski) spacetime and work out consistent 2-dimensional (Euclidean) models. Another hard to be solved fundamental problem is the quantization of general relativity. Here again, 2-dimensional models like the Liouville quantum field theory offer a playground with its many facets supposedly similar to the realistic theory. It is fair to say that in spite of decades of research, the toy models have not yet substantially contributed to a deeper understanding of their 4-dimensional brothers. On the other hand, they remain a fruitful interface between mathematics and physics and, at least, conceptually, they demonstrate how a physical theory could be treated and benefit from the full mathematical rigor. The paper falls into this category of mathematical physics in its 2-dimensional version of the Liouville quantum field theory. The paper circles around strong Markov processes on the Liouville measure, the Louville semi-group, Green function and heat kernel. After introducing the subject through motivating physical examples, of what use the model under discussion might be (apart from 2-dimensional quantum gravity, it touches subjects like 2-dimensional string theory and Potts models), the authors turn to the set up of their exposition explaining, among other, the ``weak aspects of the theory. The latter are problems related to the definition of the distance (with respect to the metric), the heat kernel representation and the proper regularization of the metric and volume element in the Riemannian geometry with its proper limit. The same (regularization) is done for the Brownian motion associated with the metric. The ambiguities and different suggestions in the literature to overcome them show that the reality of a 2-dimensional toy model is not always paradisic. With subsequent sections, the authors start to formulate their mathematical exposition with theorems and proofs. First, they discuss the convergence of the Liouville Brownian motion. This is followed by viewing this Brownian motion as a Markov process in the critical case which is a choice of the parameter appearing in the metric. A Green function at criticality is also constructed. Finally, a note is devoted to the possibility to construct the Liouville Brownian motion on other domains like \(S^2\). The paper is mathematically sound and pleasant to read. The text is always motivating and elegant.

Recommendations

• Liouville Brownian motion
• Liouville heat kernel: regularity and bounds
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• Spectral dimension of Liouville quantum gravity
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Cited in

(13)

• Liouville quantum gravity on the unit disk
• Dynamical freezing in a spin glass system with logarithmic correlations
• Construction of Liouville Brownian motion via Dirichlet form theory
• Brownian loops and the central charge of a Liouville random surface
• An almost sure KPZ relation for SLE and Brownian motion
• Local fluctuations of critical Mandelbrot cascades
• Liouville quantum gravity on the Riemann sphere
• Extrema of the two-dimensional discrete Gaussian free field
• Diffusion processes on branching Brownian motion
• Diffusion of Brownian particles and Liouville field theory
• Tightness of supercritical Liouville first passage percolation
• Critical Gaussian multiplicative chaos for singular measures
• Critical Gaussian multiplicative chaos revisited

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