Expansions of generalized Euler's constants into the series of polynomials in ^- 2 and into the formal enveloping series with rational coefficients only
La constante d'Euler \(\gamma= \lim_{n\to\infty} \left\{ \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k} -\ln n \right\}\) est une constante classique importante (tout comme \(0,1,i,\pi,\;e\)). Une généralisation naturelle de cette constante se trouve dans le développement en série de Laurent au voisinage de \(s=1\) de la fonction \(\zeta\) de Riemann: \[ \zeta(s)=\frac{1}{\,s-1\,} + \sum_{m=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^m (s-1)^m}{m!} \gamma_m\,, \qquad\qquad \qquad s\neq1. \] On a \(\gamma_0=\gamma\) et les \(\gamma_m\) sont appellées \textit{constantes d'Euler généralisées} (ou \textit{constantes de Stieltjes}). Dans ce travail, l'auteur utilisant une représentation intégrale de Johan Jensen (1893) de la fonction \(\zeta\): \[ \zeta(s) = \frac{1}{s-1} + \frac{1}{2} + 2\!\!\int\limits_0^{\pi/2} \! \frac{(\cos\theta)^{s-2}\sin s\theta}{e^{2\pi\to\theta}-1}\, d\theta \, \,,\qquad\quad s\neq 1 \] donne un développement en série de \(\gamma _{m}\): \[ \gamma_m\,=\,\frac{1}{2}\delta_{m,0}+ \frac{\,(-1)^m m!\,}{\pi} \!\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{\,n\cdot n!\,} \] \[ \sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor\!\frac{1}{2}n\!\rfloor}\frac{\,(-1)^{k}\big|S_1(2k+2,m+1)\big| \cdot\big|S_1(n,2k+1)\big|\,}{\,(2\pi)^{2k+1}\,} \] où \(m=0, 1, 2,\ldots{}\). En particulier, la constante d'Euler admet le développement en série ~: \[ \begin{aligned} \gamma\; &=\frac{1}{2}+ \frac{\,1\,}{\pi}\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{\,n\cdot n!\,} \sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor\!\frac{1}{2}n\!\rfloor}\frac{\,(-1)^{k}\!\cdot (2k+1)!\cdot\big|S_1(n,2k+1)\big|}{\,(2\pi)^{2k+1}\,} \\ & =\frac{1}{2}+ \frac{1}{2\pi^2}+\frac{1}{8\pi^2}+\frac{1}{18}\!\left(\frac{1}{\pi^2}-\frac{3}{4\pi^4}\right) +\frac{3}{96}\!\left(\frac{1}{\pi^2}-\frac{3}{2\pi^4}\right)\\ & +\frac{1}{600}\!\left(\frac{12}{\pi^2}-\frac{105}{4\pi^4}+\frac{15}{4\pi^6}\right) +\frac{1}{4\,320}\!\left(\frac{60}{\pi^2}-\frac{675}{4\pi^4}+\frac{225}{4\pi^6}\right) + \ldots \end{aligned} \] ici \(S_1(n,l)\) désignent les nombres de Stirling de première espèce définit par: \[ \prod_{k=0}^{n-1} (z-k) \,=\,\sum_{l=1}^n S_1(n,l)\cdot z^l \] Une analyse détaillée de la vitesse de convergence de la série est donnée, elle est estimée à peu près comme celle de la série: \[ \sum_{n=2}^\infty\frac{\ln^m \!\ln n}{\,n^2\ln^2 \! n\,}\,, \qquad\quad m=0, 1, 2,\ldots \] En modifiant l'ordre des sommation, l'auteur obtient formellement un développement de \(\gamma _{m}\) en série semi convergente: \[ \begin{aligned} \gamma_m\:&\displaystyle =\,\frac{1}{2}\delta_{m,0}+(-1)^{m} m!\cdot\!\sum_{k=1}^{N}\frac{\,\big|S_1(2k,m+1)\big|\cdot{B}_{2k}\,}{(2k)!}+ \\ &\displaystyle\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad \,+\, \theta\cdot\frac{\,(-1)^{m} m!\!\cdot \big|S_1(2N+2,m+1)\big|\cdot{B}_{2N+2}\,}{(2N+2)!}=\end{aligned} \] ù \(\theta\in(0,1)\), dépend de \(m\) et \(N\) et où \(B_{2k}\) désignent les nombres de Bernoulli classiques. L'auteur pense que le fait que ce développement en termes \textit{uniquement rationnels}, est pour \(m\neq 0\), un résultat nouveau et important historiquement.. De ce développement l'auteur tire une estimation de \(\gamma _{m}\) qui semble être plus précise que plusieures parmis celles connues~: \[ \begin{aligned} & (-1)^{\frac{1}{2}(m+1)}\frac{\,\big|{B}_{m+1}\big|\,}{m+1} < \gamma_m < (-1)^{\frac{1}{2}(m+1)}\left\{\frac{\,\big|{B}_{m+1}\big|\,}{m+1} - \frac{\,(3m+8)\cdot\big|{B}_{m+3}\big|\,}{24} \right\}, \qquad m=1, 3, 5,\ldots \\ & (-1)^{\frac{1}{2}m}\frac{\,\big|{B}_{m+2}\big|\,}{2} < \gamma_m < (-1)^{\frac{1}{2}m}\left\{\frac{\,\big|{B}_{m+2}\big|\,}{2} - \frac{\,(m+3)(m+4)\cdot\big|{B}_{m+4}\big|\,}{48} \right\}, \qquad m=2, 4, 6,\ldots \end{aligned} \] Enfin deux représentations intégrales des nombres de Stirling de première espèce sont donnée en appendice~: \[ \big|S_1(n,k) \big|\,=\,\frac{1}{\,2\pi\,}\!\!\! \int\limits_{\alpha-\pi}^{\alpha+\pi}\!\! \frac{\,\Gamma (n+e^{i\varphi})\,}{\Gamma(e^{i\varphi})}\, e^{-i\varphi k}\, d\varphi=\,\frac{(-1)^k}{\,2\pi\,}\cdot\frac{n!}{k!}\!\!\int\limits_{\alpha-\pi}^{\alpha+\pi}\!\! \frac{\,\ln^k\!\big(1-re^{i\varphi}\big)\,}{r^n} \, e^{-i\varphi n}\, d\varphi\, \] où \(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}\). On en déduit en particulier pour \(k=1,2,\ldots,n\) l'estimation~: \[ \big|S_1(n,k) \big|\,\leq\,\frac{n!}{\,\big(1-e^{-1}\big)^n\,k!\,} \] L'article donne une très large bibliographie sur le sujet, il est plein de notes historiques et peut s'avérer important pour les historiens.
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