Inclusive prime number races

Central limit and other weak theorems (60F05) Distribution modulo one (11J71) Nonreal zeros of (zeta (s)) and (L(s, chi)); Riemann and other hypotheses (11M26) Primes in congruence classes (11N13) Probabilistic theory: distribution modulo (1); metric theory of algorithms (11K99)

Abstract: Let

p i (x; q, a)

denote the number of primes up to

x

that are congruent to

a

modulo

q

. A prime number race, for fixed modulus

q

and residue classes

a_{1}, l d o t s, a_{r}

, investigates the system of inequalities

p i (x; q, a_{1}) > p i (x; q, a_{2}) > c d o t s > p i (x; q, a_{r})

. The study of prime number races was initiated by Chebyshev and further studied by many others, including Littlewood, Shanks-R'{e}nyi, Knapowski-Turan, and Kaczorowski. We expect that this system of inequalities should have arbitrarily large solutions

x

, and moreover we expect the same to be true no matter how we permute the residue classes

a_{j}

; if this is the case, and if the logarithmic density of the set of such

x

exists and is positive, the prime number race is called inclusive. In breakthrough research, Rubinstein and Sarnak proved conditionally that every prime number race is inclusive; they assumed not only the generalized Riemann hypothesis but also a strong statement about the linear independence of the zeros of Dirichlet

L

-functions. We show that the same conclusion can be reached assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis and a substantially weaker linear independence hypothesis. In fact, we can assume that almost all of the zeros may be involved in

m a t h b b Q

-linear relations; and we can also conclude more strongly that the associated limiting distribution has mass everywhere. This work makes use of a number of ideas from probability, the explicit formula from number theory, and the Kronecker-Weyl equidistribution theorem.

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