Inclusive prime number races

DOI10.1090/TRAN/7996zbMATH Open1469.11372arXiv1710.00088OpenAlexW3004272159MaRDI QIDQ4960243FDOQ4960243

Authors: Greg Martin, Nathan Ng 

Publication date: 9 April 2020

Published in: Transactions of the American Mathematical Society (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: Let $pi(x;q,a)$ denote the number of primes up to $x$ that are congruent to $a$ modulo $q$. A prime number race, for fixed modulus $q$ and residue classes $a_1,ldots,a_r$, investigates the system of inequalities $pi(x;q,a_1)>pi(x;q,a_2)>cdots>pi(x;q,a_r)$. The study of prime number races was initiated by Chebyshev and further studied by many others, including Littlewood, Shanks-R'{e}nyi, Knapowski-Turan, and Kaczorowski. We expect that this system of inequalities should have arbitrarily large solutions $x$, and moreover we expect the same to be true no matter how we permute the residue classes $a_j$; if this is the case, and if the logarithmic density of the set of such $x$ exists and is positive, the prime number race is called inclusive. In breakthrough research, Rubinstein and Sarnak proved conditionally that every prime number race is inclusive; they assumed not only the generalized Riemann hypothesis but also a strong statement about the linear independence of the zeros of Dirichlet $L$-functions. We show that the same conclusion can be reached assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis and a substantially weaker linear independence hypothesis. In fact, we can assume that almost all of the zeros may be involved in $mathbbQ$-linear relations; and we can also conclude more strongly that the associated limiting distribution has mass everywhere. This work makes use of a number of ideas from probability, the explicit formula from number theory, and the Kronecker-Weyl equidistribution theorem.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.00088

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zbMATH Keywords

primes in arithmetic progressionsprime number racesKronecker-Weyl theorem

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Central limit and other weak theorems (60F05) Distribution modulo one (11J71) Nonreal zeros of (zeta (s)) and (L(s, chi)); Riemann and other hypotheses (11M26) Primes in congruence classes (11N13) Probabilistic theory: distribution modulo (1); metric theory of algorithms (11K99)

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Cited In (12)

• Primes in prime number races
• Limiting properties of the distribution of primes in an arbitrarily large number of residue classes
• Inequalities between sums over prime numbers in progressions
• Prime Number Races
• The distribution of weighted sums of the Liouville function and Pólya's conjecture
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• Chebyshev's bias in dihedral and generalized quaternion Galois groups
• Chebyshev's bias for products of irreducible polynomials
• Highly biased prime number races
• Title not available (Why is that?)
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