Analysis of a simple equation for the ground state of the Bose gas. II: Monotonicity, convexity, and condensate fraction

DOI10.1137/20M1376820zbMATH Open1477.35189arXiv2010.13882OpenAlexW3199171550MaRDI QIDQ5155609FDOQ5155609

Authors: Ian Jauslin, E. H. Lieb, Eric Carlen 

Publication date: 7 October 2021

Published in: SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: In a recent paper we studied an equation (called the "simple equation") introduced by one of us in 1963 for an approximate correlation function associated to the ground state of an interacting Bose gas. Solving the equation yields a relation between the density $ho$ of the gas and the energy per particle. Our construction of solutions gave a well-defined function $ho(e)$ for the density as a function of the energy $e$. We had conjectured that $ho(e)$ is a strictly monotone increasing function, so that it can be inverted to yield the strictly monotone increasing function $e(ho)$. We had also conjectured that $hoe(ho)$ is convex as a function of $ho$. We prove both conjectures here for small densities, the context in which they have the most physical relevance, and the monotonicity also for large densities. Both conjectures are grounded in the underlying physics, and their proof provides further mathematical evidence for the validity of the assumptions underlying the derivation of the simple equation, at least for low or high densities, if not intermediate densities, although the equation gives surprisingly good predictions for all densities $ho$. Another problem left open in our previous paper was whether the simple equation could be used to compute accurate predictions of observables other than the energy. Here, we provide a recipe for computing predictions for any one- or two-particle observables for the ground state of the Bose gas. We focus on the condensate fraction and the momentum distribution, and show that they have the same low density asymptotic behavior as that predicted for the Bose gas. Along with the computation of the low density energy of the simple equation in our previous paper, this shows that the simple equation reproduces the known and conjectured properties of the Bose gas at low densities.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.13882

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zbMATH Keywords

Bose-Einstein condensationpartial differential equationsBose gas

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Asymptotic behavior of solutions to PDEs (35B40) PDEs in connection with quantum mechanics (35Q40) Statistical mechanics of plasmas (82D10) Quantum equilibrium statistical mechanics (general) (82B10)

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Cited In (4)

• DYNAMIC STRUCTURE FUNCTION OF QUANTUM BOSE SYSTEMS: CONDENSATE FRACTION AND MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION
• The condensed fraction of a homogeneous dilute Bose gas within the improved Hartree-Fock approximation
• The simplified approach to the Bose gas without translation invariance
• A second order upper bound for the ground state energy of a hard-sphere gas in the Gross-Pitaevskii regime

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