Verbal covering properties of topological spaces

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2015.12.036MaRDI QIDQ5963966zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Taras Banakh, Oleksandr Ravs'kyj

Publication date 26 February 2016

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.04480

covering property foredensity neighborhood assignments pre-uniformity quasi-uniformity topological cardinal invariants totally disconnected

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Cardinality properties (cardinal functions and inequalities, discrete subsets) (54A25) Noncompact covering properties (paracompact, Lindelöf, etc.) (54D20) Uniform structures and generalizations (54E15)

Abstract: For any topological space

X

we study the relation between the universal uniformity

m a t h c a l U_{X}

, the universal quasi-uniformity

q m a t h c a l U_{X}

and the universal pre-uniformity

p m a t h c a l U_{X}

on

X

. For a pre-uniformity

m a t h c a l U

on a set

X

and a word

v

in the two-letter alphabet

+, -

we define the verbal power

m a t h c a l U^{v}

of

m a t h c a l U

and study its boundedness numbers

e l l (m a t h c a l U^{v})

and

. The boundedness numbers of the (Boolean operations over) the verbal powers of the canonical pre-uniformities

p m a t h c a l U_{X}

,

q m a t h c a l U_{X}

and

m a t h c a l U_{X}

yield new cardinal characteristics

e l l^{v} (X)

,

q e l l^{v} (X)

,

u e l l (X)

of a topological space

X

, which generalize all known cardinal topological invariants related to (star)-covering properties. We study the relation of the new cardinal invariants

e l l^{v}

,

to classical cardinal topological invariants such as Lindel"of number

e l l

, density

d

, and spread

s

. The simplest new verbal cardinal invariant is the foredensity

e l l^{-} (X)

defined for a topological space

X

as the smallest cardinal

k a p p a

such that for any neighborhood assignment

(O_{x})_{x i n X}

there is a subset

A s u b s e t X

of cardinality

| A | l e k a p p a

that meets each neighborhood

O_{x}

,

x i n X

. It is clear that

e l l^{-} (X) l e d (X) l e e l l^{-} (X) c d o t c h i (X)

. We shall prove that

e l l^{-} (X) = d (X)

if

| X | < a l e p h_{o} m e g a

. On the other hand, for every singular cardinal

k a p p a

(with

k a p p a l e 2^{2^{c f (k a p p a)}}

) we construct a (totally disconnected)

T_{1}

-space

X

such that

e l l^{-} (X) = c f (k a p p a) < k a p p a = | X | = d (X)

.

Review text

This is an interesting paper that unifies and extends standard star covering properties. For a topological space \(X\) and for each non-negative integer \(n\), the authors introduce nine cardinal invariants related to star covering properties. Let \(A\subset X\) and \(\mathcal U\) be a cover of \(X\). Put \(St^0(A;\mathcal U) = A\) and \(St^n(A;\mathcal U)=\bigcup\{U\in\mathcal U:U\cap St^n(A;\mathcal U) \not=\emptyset\}\).NEWLINENEWLINEWe mention two of nine similar definitions in the paper: \(l^{*n}(X)\) is defined to be the smallest cardinal \(\kappa\) such that for every open cover \(\mathcal U\) of \(X\) there is a subset \(A \subset X\) of cardinality \(|A|\leq\kappa\) such that \(St^n(A; U) =X\), and \(l^{*n\frac{1}{2}}(X)\) is the smallest cardinal \(\kappa\) such that for every open cover \(\mathcal U\) of \(X\) there is a subfamily \(\mathcal V\subset\mathcal U\) of cardinality \(|\mathcal V|\leq\kappa\) such that \(St^n(\cup\mathcal V;\mathcal U)=X\). In this notation a space \(X\) is \(n\)-star Lindelöf if and only if \(l^{*n\frac{1}{2}}(X)\leq\omega\). Proposition 1.2 (8): If \(X\) is a Moore space then \(l^{*1}(x) = d(X)\) where \(d(X)\) is the density of \(X\). The authors say that a (binary) word \(v\) is an element of \(\{+,-\}^{<\omega} = \bigcup_{n\in\omega}\{+,-\}^{n}\), i.e., a word is any function from a natural number into \(\{+,-\}\).NEWLINENEWLINEAn entourage \(U\) on a set \(X\) is any subset of \(X\times X\) that contains the diagonal \(\Delta_X=\{(x,x):x\in X\}\). Well known operations on entourages are the inverse of an entourage \(U^{-1} =\{(x,y):(y,x)\in U\}\) and the composition of two entourages \(U\circ V=U\, V=\{(x,y):\exists z((x,z)\in U\text{ and }(z,y)\in V\}\). A \(U\)-ball is a set of the form \(B(x,U) = \{y\in X:(x,y)\in U)\}\). The authors define \(U^{v}\) for any entourage \(U\) and any word \(v\) by recursion starting with the empty function \(v=\emptyset\): \(U^{\emptyset}= \Delta_X\), and if \(v\) is a word and \(U^{v}\) has been defined then \(U^{v^\frown +} = U^{v+}= U^vU\), and \(U^{v^\frown -} =U^{v-}=U^vU^{-1}\). Lemma 2.2: If \(U\) is an entourage and \(x\in X\) then \(B(x,U^{-1}U) = St(x,\mathcal U)=\bigcup\{B(y,U): x\in B(y,U)\}\), where \(\mathcal U\) is the cover of \(X\) given by \(\mathcal U=\{B(x,U):x\in X\}\). Moreover \(B(x,(U^{-1}U)^n) = St^n(x,\mathcal U)\).NEWLINENEWLINEA new cardinal invariant is the foredensity \(\ell^-(X)\) of a space \(X\), defined to be the smallest cardinal \(\kappa\) such that for any neighborhood assignment \(\{O_x:x\in X\}\) on \(X\) if there is a subset \(A \subset X\) of cardinality \(|A| \leq \kappa\) which meets every neighborhood \(O_x\), \(x \in X\). The relations among the authors' cardinal invariants, and with older invariants are a major part of the paper. For instance, Theorem 5.1: For any topological space \(X\), \(\ell^-(X) \leq d(X) \leq\ell^-(X) \cdot \chi(X)\) and if \(|X| <\aleph_\omega\), then \(\ell^-(X) = d(X)\), where \(\chi(X)\) is the character of \(X\). Related notions are also considered such as Q-sets, boundedness, and semitopological groups.NEWLINENEWLINEReviewer's remark: The authors note that some problems raised in the paper have been answered in a preprint by \textit{I. Juhász}, \textit{L. Soukup} and \textit{Z. Szentmiklóssy} [``Pinning down versus density, \url{arXiv:1506.00206}].

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