The Haglund-Remmel-Wilson identity for set partitions

Permutations, words, matrices (05A05) Exact enumeration problems, generating functions (05A15) Partitions of sets (05A18) Combinatorial identities, bijective combinatorics (05A19)

Review text

\textit{J. B. Remmel} and \textit{A. T. Wilson} [J. Comb. Theory, Ser. A 134, 242--277 (2015; Zbl 1315.05019)] proved the following conjecture of J. Haglund for permutations \[ \sum_{\sigma\in \mathfrak{S}_n}q^{\text{inv}(\sigma)}\prod_{j\in\text{Des}(\sigma)}\left(1+\frac{z}{q^{1+\text{inv}^{\square,j}(\sigma)}}\right)=\sum_{\sigma\in \mathfrak{S}_n}q^{\text{maj}(\sigma)}\prod_{j=1}^{\text{Des}(\sigma)}\left(1+\frac{z}{q^j}\right), \] which is an extension of MacMahon's equidistribution theorem. This identity was extended a year later by \textit{A. T. Wilson} [Electron. J. Comb. 23, No. 1, Research Paper P1.5, 21 p. (2016; Zbl 1329.05030)] on the set of words \(\mathfrak{S}_M\) (i.e. multipermutations) of a multiset \(M\) containing \(k_1\) \(1\)'s, \(k_2\) \(2\)'s,\(\dots\),\(k_m\) \(m\)'s. The particular case \(z=0\) proves that the \(\text{inv}\) statistic is also equidistributed on \(\mathfrak{S}_M\). In this note, the author extends the Haglund-Remmel-Wilson identity to set partitions of \(\left[n\right]=\lbrace 1,\dots,n\rbrace\). The latter can be mapped bijectively to a subset of words of length \(n\) by ordering the blocks \(B_1,B_2,\dots,B_m\) such that the maximal element of \(B_i\) is less than the maximal element of \(B_{i+1}\). The set partition is mapped to the word \(w_1w_2\dots w_n\), where \(w_j\) is the index of the block to which \(j\) belongs. Thus the word contains \(|B_1|\) \(1\)'s, \(|B_2|\) \(2\)'s,\(\dots\), \(|B_m|\) \(m\)'s and therefore can be seen as a subset \(\mathcal{P}_M\) of \(\mathfrak{S}_M\) with \(M=\lbrace 1^{|B_1|},2^{|B_2|},\dots,m^{|B_m|}\rbrace\). This non-standard ordering of the blocks is introduced as the Mahonian representation for set partitions by the author [J. Comb. Theory, Ser. A 192, Article ID 105668, 34 p. (2022; Zbl 1496.05008)]: This representation enables to prove the equidistribution of set partitions under this representation. The main result of this note is the following analogue of the Haglund-Remmel-Wilson identity for set partitions: \[ \sum_{w\in \mathcal{P}_M}q^{\text{inv}(w)}\prod_{j\in\text{Des}(w)}\left(1+\frac{z}{q^{1+\text{inv}^{\square,j}(w)}}\right)=\sum_{w\in \mathcal{P}_M}q^{\text{maj}(w)}\prod_{j=1}^{\text{Des}(w)}\left(1+\frac{z}{q^j}\right). \] To derive this identity, the author exhibits a bijective proof detailed in Section \(2\). The first subsection reviews a bijection \(\Phi\) on permutations due to \textit{L. Carlitz}, Am. Math. Mon. 82, 51--54 (1975; Zbl 0296.05007) taking the inv statistic to the maj statistic, then recalls the bijection \(\Phi^\ast\) given by \textit{J. B. Remmel} and \textit{A. T. Wilson} [J. Comb. Theory, Ser. A 134, 242--277 (2015; Zbl 1315.05019)] which is a refinement of \(\Phi\) with nice properties of stabilities with respect to the descent statistic and is the main tool of a bijective proof of the Haglund-Remmel-Wilson identity. Finally, the author derives the main result by investigating the properties of stabilities with respect to some refinements of the des, inv, and maj statistics of the bijection \(\Phi_M^\ast\) introduced by \textit{A. T. Wilson} [Electron. J. Comb. 23, No. 1, Research Paper P1.5, 21 p. (2016; Zbl 1329.05030)]. This note is overall well-written and the expository is quite clear.

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