The pentagonal theorem of sixty-three and generalizations of Cauchy's lemma

DOI10.1515/FORUM-2023-0014MaRDI QIDQ6085853zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Jangwon Ju, Daejun Kim

Publication date 8 November 2023

Published in Forum Mathematicum (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.16123

zbMATH Keywords

Diophantine equationsgeneralized Cauchy's lemmapolygonal numbersuniversal sums of pentagonal numbers

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Quadratic forms over global rings and fields (11E12) General ternary and quaternary quadratic forms; forms of more than two variables (11E20) Sums of squares and representations by other particular quadratic forms (11E25)

Abstract: In this article, we study the representability of integers as sums of pentagonal numbers, where a pentagonal number is an integer of the form $P_5(x)=frac3x^2-x2$ for some non-negative integer $x$. In particular, we prove the "pentagonal theorem of $63$", which states that a sum of pentagonal numbers represents every non-negative integer if and only if it represents the integers $1$, $2$, $3$, $4$, $6$, $7$, $8$, $9$, $11$, $13$, $14$, $17$, $18$, $19$, $23$, $28$, $31$, $33$, $34$, $39$, $42$, and $63$. We also introduce a method to obtain a generalized version of Cauchy's lemma using representations of binary integral quadratic forms by quaternary quadratic forms, which plays a crucial role in proving the results.

Recommendations

• On sums of four pentagonal numbers with coefficients
• Universal sums of generalized pentagonal numbers
• On sums of three pentagonal numbers
• Ternary universal sums of generalized pentagonal numbers
• Fermat's polygonal number theorem for repeated generalized polygonal numbers

Cites work

• A result similar to Lagrange's theorem
• A Short Proof of Cauchy's Polygonal Number Theorem
• Conjectures of Sun about sums of polygonal numbers
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3174540 (Why is no real title available?)
• On sums of four pentagonal numbers with coefficients
• On the Conway-Schneeberger Fifteen Theorem
• Sums of four polygonal numbers with coefficients
• The Integral Representations of Quadratic Forms Over Local Fields
• The triangular theorem of eight and representation by quadratic polynomials
• Two-Fold Generalizations of Cauchy's Lemma
• Universal sums of \(m\)-gonal numbers
• Universal sums of generalized octagonal numbers
• Universal sums of generalized pentagonal numbers

Cited in

(5)

• The Continuous Hexachordal Theorem
• Generalizations of Pollock's centered nonagonal numbers conjecture
• Isolations of the sum of two squares from its proper subforms
• A finiteness theorem for universal m-gonal forms with coefficients 1 or 2
• Universality criterion sets for quadratic forms over number fields

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