Cardinal inequalities involving the Hausdorff pseudocharacter

Cardinality properties (cardinal functions and inequalities, discrete subsets) (54A25) Lower separation axioms ((T_0)--(T_3), etc.) (54D10) Noncompact covering properties (paracompact, Lindelöf, etc.) (54D20)

Review text

This article explores generalizations of two classical inequalities within the framework of cardinal functions of Hausdorff spaces: Arhangel'skii's inequality \(|X| \leq 2^{\chi(X)L(X)}\) and Hajnal-Juhász's inequality \(|X| \leq 2^{\chi(X)c(X)}\), where \(\chi\), \(L\), and \(c\) denote the character, Lindelöf degree, and cellularity, respectively. Specifically, by defining \begin{itemize} \item \(\alpha = pwL_c(X)\), the piecewise weak Lindelöf degree for closed sets, as the least infinite cardinal \(\kappa\) such that for every closed set \(F \subseteq X\), for every open cover \(\mathcal{U}\) of \(F\) and every decomposition \({\mathcal{U}_i: i \in I}\) of \(\mathcal{U}\) there are families \(\mathcal{V}_i \in [\mathcal{U}_i]^{\leq \kappa}\) for every \(i\) such that \(F \subseteq \bigcup \{\overline{\bigcup \mathcal{V}_i}: i \in I\}\); and \item \(\beta = H\psi(X)\), the Hausdorff pseudocharacter of \(X\), as being the minimum infinite cardinal \(\kappa\) such that every point in the space has a family of \(k\) many open sets strong enough to disjointly separate points; \end{itemize} the authors demonstrate that \(|X| \leq 2^{\alpha\beta}\) whenever \(X\) is a Hausdorff space. This generalizes the classical inequalities due to the relationships \(\alpha \leq \min{L(X),c(X)}\) and \(\beta \leq \chi(X)\). A similar approach is also employed in Section 5 regarding almost discretely Lindelöf spaces. It is worth noting that two proofs are provided for this result: one through the classical closing-off method and another via elementary submodels. Readers interested in insightful counterexamples should also take note that the article introduces a Hausdorff space that verifies the strict inequalities \(\psi(X) < H\psi(X) < \chi(X)\). The remainder of the article delves into ramifications and special cases of the main result: in Section 3, attention is restricted to linearly Lindelöf spaces; Section 4 employs the previously defined cardinal functions in the context of topological games to establish constraints on the cardinality of the space; finally, the last section deals with spaces equipped with compact \(\pi\)-bases, demonstrating that \(|X| \leq 2^{wL(X)H\psi(X)}\).

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