Tame key polynomials

Abstract: We introduce a new method of constructing complete sequences of key polynomials for simple extensions of tame fields. In our approach the key polynomials are taken to be the minimal polynomials over the base field of suitably constructed elements in its algebraic closure, with the extensions generated by them forming an increasing chain. In the case of algebraic extensions, we generalize the results to countably generated infinite tame extensions over henselian but not necessarily tame fields. In the case of transcendental extensions, we demonstrate the central role that is played by the implicit constant fields, which reveals the tight connection with the algebraic case.

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An algebraic extension \((L|K, v)\) is called tame if the extension of \(v\) from \(K\) to \(L\) is unique and, for every finite subextension \(E|K\) of \(L|K\), the residue field extension \(Ev|Kv\) is separable, \((vE : vK)\) is not divisible by char\(Kv\) (\(vK\) the valuation group of \((K,v)\)), and \([E : K] = (vE : vK)[Ev : Kv]\). A henselian field \((K, v)\) is called a tame field if \((\widetilde{K}|K, v)\) is a tame extension, where \(v\) still denotes the unique extension of \(v\) to the algebraic closure \(\widetilde{K}\) of \(K\). A root \(a\) of a polynomial \(f\in K[X]\) is a maximal root of \(f\) if for every root \(b\) of \(f\) we have \(v(x-a)\geq v(x-b)\). An extension \((K(x)|K, v)\) is weakly pure (in \(x\)) if \(x\) is a limit of a pseudo Cauchy sequence in \((K, v)\) of transcendental type, or there is \(a \in K\) such that \(v(x-a) = \max v(x-\widetilde{K})\). Let \(Q\in K[X]\) be a monic irreducible polynomial. Every element \(f(x)\) in \(K(x)\) can be written in a unique way as \(f(x)=f_0(x)+f_1(x)Q(x)+\cdots +f_j(x)Q(x)^j\), where \(f_0,f_1,\dots,f_j\) are polynomials of degrees less tha the degree of \(Q\). Then we let \(v_Q(f(x))\) be the minimum of \(v(f_0(x)),v(f_1(x)Q(x)),\dots,v(f_j(x)Q(x)^j)\). In the following \((K,v)\) is a henselian valued field. The first theorem that the authors prove deals with a transcendental extension \((K(x)|K,v)\) such that there is a tame extension \((L'|K,v)\) where, for some extension of \(v\) from \(K(x)\) to \(L'(x)\), the extension \((L'(x)|L',v)\) is weakly pure (this involves the case where \((K,v)\) is a tame field). They denote by \(L\) the relative algebraic closure of \(K\) in a fixed henselization of \((K(x),v)\). They prove that the extension \((L(x)|L,v)\) is immediate and they construct a sequence of elements of \(L\) which is either finite or a pseudo Cauchy sequence of transcendental type which pseudo converges to \(x\). Every element of this sequence is a maximal root of its minimal polynomial over \(K\), and the sequence \((Q_{\nu})\) of these minimal polynomials is a complete sequence of key polynomials for \((K(x)|K,v)\) (i.e., for every \(f(x)\in K[x]\), \(v(f(x))\) is eventually equal to \(v_{Q_{\nu}}(f(x))\)). In the next theorem they prove similar results for a tame algebraic extension \((K(x)|K,v)\). Finally, they generalize these results to a countably generated tame extension \((L|K,v)\).

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