Key polynomials

Valued fields (12J10) General valuation theory for fields (12J20) Valuations and their generalizations for commutative rings (13A18) Global theory and resolution of singularities (algebro-geometric aspects) (14E15)

Abstract: The notion of key polynomials was first introduced in 1936 by S. Maclane in the case of discrete rank 1 valuations. . Let K -> L be a field extension and {

u} a valuation of K. The original motivation for introducing key polynomials was the problem of describing all the extensions {mu} of { u} to L. Take a valuation {mu} of L extending the valuation { u}. In the case when { u} is discrete of rank 1 and L is a simple algebraic extension of K Maclane introduced the notions of key polynomials for {mu} and augmented valuations and proved that {mu} is obtained as a limit of a family of augmented valuations on the polynomial ring K[x]. In a series of papers, M. Vaqui'e generalized MacLane's notion of key polynomials to the case of arbitrary valuations { u} (that is, valuations which are not necessarily discrete of rank 1). In the paper Valuations in algebraic field extensions, published in the Journal of Algebra in 2007, F.J. Herrera Govantes, M.A. Olalla Acosta and M. Spivakovsky develop their own notion of key polynomials for extensions (K, { u}) -> (L, {mu}) of valued fields, where {

u} is of archimedian rank 1 (not necessarily discrete) and give an explicit description of the limit key polynomials. Our purpose in this paper is to clarify the relationship between the two notions of key polynomials already developed by vaqui'e and by F.J. Herrera Govantes, M.A. Olalla Acosta and M. Spivakovsky.

Review text

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between two notions of key polynomials already developed. Let \(K\) be a field, \(\nu\) a valuation on \(K\), \(X\) be an independent variable and \(\mu\) a valuation on \(K[X]\) extending \(\nu\). The first notion of key polynomials studied here was defined by MacLane, and Vaquié also used them. A polynomial \(\phi\) is a key polynomial if and only if it is monic, and for every \(f\), \(g\) in \(K[X]\) such that \(\deg X(f)< \deg X(\phi)\), \(\deg X(g)< \deg X(\phi)\) and for every \(h\in K[X]\) we have: \(\mu(fg+ h\phi)= \min(\mu(fg), \mu(h\phi))\). If \(\phi\) is a key polynomial, then for every \(f\in K[X]\) written in the form \(f= f_m\phi^m+ f_{m-1}\phi^{m-1}+\cdots+ f_0\), with \(\deg X(f_j)< \deg X(0)\) \((0\leq j\leq m)\), we have \(\mu(f)= \min_{0\leq j\leq m}\{\mu(f_j)+ j\mu(\phi)\}\). Furthermore, for every \(\gamma\) in \(\mu(K[X])\) satisfying \(\gamma>\mu(\phi)\), one defines a valuation \(\mu'\) on \(K[X]\) by setting \(\mu'(f)= \min_{0\leq j\leq m}\{\mu(f_j)+ j\gamma\}\). The valuation \(\mu'\) is called an augmented valuation, and is denoted by \(\mu'= \{\mu;\,\mu'(\phi)= \gamma\}\). We have \(\mu'(f)\geq \mu(f)\), and if \(\deg_X(f)< \deg_X(\phi)\) then \(\mu'(f)= \mu(f)\). A family of augmented iterated valuations is a family \(\{\mu_i\}_{i\in\Lambda}\) of valuations of \(K[X]\), indexed by a totally ordered set \(\Lambda\), such that for every \(i\in\Lambda\), \(\mu_{i+1}= [\mu_i;\,\mu_{i+1}(\phi_{i+1}= \gamma_{i+1}]\), and if \(i\) is not the first element of \(\Lambda\) then \(\mu(\phi_i- \phi_{i+1})= \min(\mu(\phi_i), \mu(\phi_{i+1}))\) and \(\deg_X(\phi_i)\leq \deg_X(\phi_{i+1})\). If \(i\) does not have a predecessor in \(\Lambda\), then there exists \(i_0< i\) such that \(\mu_i= [\mu_{i_0};\,\mu_i(\phi_i)= \gamma_i]\) and for every \(j\) in \(\Lambda\) such that \(i_0< j< i: \mu_j= [\mu_{i_0};\, \mu_j(\phi_j)= \gamma_j]\), \(\mu_i= [\mu_j;\, \mu_j(\phi_i)= \gamma_i]\), and the polynomials \(\phi_i\) and \(\phi_j\) have the same degree. Vaquié defines admissible and admitted families of valuations and he proves that there exists an admissible family \(\{\mu_i\}_{i\in\Lambda}\) of valuations such that for every \(f\in K[X]\): \(\mu(f)=\max\{\mu_j(f),\;j\in\Lambda\}\) (\(\mu_1\) is defined by \(\mu_1(a_m X^m+\cdots+ a_0)= \min_{0\leq j\leq m}\{\nu(a_j)+ j\mu(X)\}\)). The second notion of key polynomials was defined by \textit{F. J. Herrera Govantes}, \textit{M. A. Olalla Acosta} and \textit{M. Spivakovsky} [J. Algebra 312, No. 2, 1033--1074 (2007; Zbl 1170.12002)] (in short HOS). They say that a collection \((Q_i)_{i\in\Lambda}\) of elements of \(K[X]\), where \(\Lambda\) is well-ordered, is a complete set of key polynomials if for every \(\beta\in\mu(K[X])\) the additive group \(\{f\in K[X],\,\mu(f)\geq \beta\}\) is generated by products of the form \(a\cdot\prod^s_{j=1} Q^{\gamma_j}_{i_j}\), with \(a\in K\), such that \(\sum^s_{j=1} \gamma_j \mu(Q_i)+ \nu(a)\geq\beta\). Such a complete family exists, the polynomials \(Q_i\) are constructed recursively. For \(h=\sum^s_{j=0} d_jQ^j_i\), where the \(d_j\)'s belong to the \(K\)-algebra generated by the \(Q_k\)'s, \(k< i\), set \(\nu_i(h)= \min_{0\leq j\leq s}\{j\mu(Q_i)+ \mu(d_j)\}\); \(\nu_i\) is called the \(i\)-truncation of \(\mu\). If \(\deg X(y)< \sum^l_{i=1} \deg_X(Q_i)\), then \(\mu(y)= \nu_i(y)\). Assume that \(\nu\) is a rank 1 valuation and that \((Q_i)_{i\in\Lambda}\) is a complete system of HOS polynomials, then the author proves that for each \(i\) there exists \(i_0< i\) such that \(Q_i\) is a key polynomial in the sense of Vaquié for the truncation \(\nu_{i_0}\) and \(\nu_i\) is an augmented valuation defined by \(\nu_{i_0}\) and \(Q_i\) (if \(i-1\) exists, then \(i_0= i-1\)). Furthermore, the family of valuations \((\nu_i)_{i\in\Lambda}\) can be extended to an admitted family for the valuation \(\mu\). Conversely, starting from an admitted family of valuations for \(\mu\), associated to a family \(\{Q_i\}_{i\in\Lambda}\) of key polynomials, the author proves, for example, that there exist a well-ordered subset of \(\Lambda\) and modifications of the \(Q_i\)'s such that the result is a complete family of HOS key polynomials. In the last section the author gives an example of a limit key polynomial \(\phi\) (i.e. there exists \(i_0\) such that \(\phi\) is a key polynomial for every \(i> i_0\)) such that both valuations \(\nu\) and \(\mu\) are centered in local Noetherian rings, one of which dominates the other.

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