An additive basis for the cohomology rings of regular nilpotent Hessenberg varieties

Abstract: In this paper we construct an additive basis for the cohomology ring of a regular nilpotent Hessenberg variety which is obtained by extending all Poincar'e duals of smaller regular nilpotent Hessenberg subvarieties. In particular, all of the Poincar'e duals of smaller regular nilpotent Hessenberg subvarieties are linearly independent.

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Let \(G\) be a semisimple linear algebraic group. Fix a Borel subgroup \(B\) of \(G\). Let \(\mathfrak{g}\) and \(\mathfrak{b}\) denote the Lie algebras of \(G\) and \(B\), respectively. A Hessenberg space in \(\mathfrak{g}\) is a \(\mathfrak{b}\)-submodule \(H \subseteq \mathfrak{g}\) such that \(\mathfrak{b}\subseteq H\). Let \(I\) be a lower ideal of the natural poset structure on the system of positive roots \(\Phi^+\). Here, \(\Phi\) is the root system determined by the triplet \((G,B,T\)), where \(T\) is a maximal torus contained in \(B\). It is not difficult to see that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the Hessenberg spaces and the lower ideals of \(\Phi^+\), so we write \(H(I)\) in place of a Hessenberg space. For \(X\in \mathfrak{g}\) and a lower ideal \(I \subseteq \Phi^+\), the associated Hessenberg variety is the closed subset of the flag variety defined as follows: \begin{align*} \mathrm{Hess}(X,I) := \{ gB \in G/B \mid \mathrm{Ad}(g^{-1})(X) \in H(I) \}. \end{align*} The main focus of this well-written article is on the Hessenberg varieties \(\mathrm{Hess}(X,I)\), where \(X\) is a regular nilpotent element of \(\mathfrak{g}\). This means that the dimension of the adjoint orbit \(\mathrm{Ad}(G) (X)\) attains the maximum possible value. In this case, the Hessenberg variety is said to be regular nilpotent. Let \(\alpha\) be a positive root, viewed as a character of \(T\). It defines a line bundle on \(G/B\), denoted by \(L_\alpha\). It is a well-known result of Borel that the cohomology ring of \(G/B\) is generated by the Chern classes of these line bundles. Recently, it is proved in [\textit{T. Abe} et al., J. Reine Angew. Math. 764, 241--286 (2020; Zbl 1510.14033)] that the restrictions of these Chern classes to a regular nilpotent Hessenberg variety \(\mathrm{Hess}(X,I)\) generate the cohomology of \(\mathrm{Hess}(X,I)\) (with real coefficients) as well. In this context, the first main theorem of the paper is as follows. {Theorem 1.} Let \(\mathrm{Hess}(N,h)\) be a regular nilpotent Hessenberg variety of types \(\mathrm{A,B,C,G}\) of rank \(n\) We fix a permutation \(w^{(i)}\) on a set \(\{i+1, i+2, \dots, h(i) \}\) for each \(i=1,\dots, n\). Then the following equations cohomology classes \[ \prod_{i=1}^n \alpha_{i, w^{(i)}(h(i))} \cdot \alpha_{i, w^{(i)}(h(i)-1)} \cdots \alpha_{i, w^{(i)}(h(i)-m_i+1)},\tag{T1} \] with \(0\leq m_i \leq h(i)-i\), form an additive basis for the cohomology \(H^*(\mathrm{Hess}(N,h))\) over \(\mathbb{R}\). Here, we take convention \(\alpha_{i, w^{(i)}(h(i))} \cdot \alpha_{i, w^{(i)}(h(i)-1)} \cdots \alpha_{i, w^{(i)}(h(i)-m_i+1)}=1\) whenever \(m_i=0\). The \(\alpha_{i,j}\) in (T1) denotes a positive root. For type \(\mathrm{D}\), the authors present the following result. {Theorem 2.} Let \(\mathrm{Hess}(N,h)\) be a regular nilpotent Hessenberg variety of type \(\mathrm{D}\) of rank \(n\). Then, the following cohomology classes \begin{align*} \prod_{i=1}^n \alpha_{i, w^{(i)}(h(i))}^{(h-m)} \cdot \alpha_{i, w^{(i)}(h(i)-1)}^{(h-m)} \cdots \alpha_{i, w^{(i)}(h(i)-m_i+1)}^{(h-m)}, \end{align*} with \(0\leq m_i \leq h(i)-i\), form an additive basis for the cohomology \(H^*(\mathrm{Hess}(N,h))\) over \(\mathbb{R}\). Here, we take convention \(\alpha_{i, w^{(i)}(h(i))}^{(h-m)} \cdot \alpha_{i, w^{(i)}(h(i)-1)}^{(h-m)} \cdots \alpha_{i, w^{(i)}(h(i)-m_i+1)}^{(h-m)}=1\) whenever \(m_i=0\). The authors discover a very interesting fact about the Poincaré duals of the classes of lower-dimensional regular nilpotent Hessenberg varieties in \(H^*(\mathrm{Hess}(N,h))\). The third main result of the article is presented as follows. {Theorem 3.} Let \(\mathrm{Hess}(N,h)\) be a regular nilpotent Hessenberg variety of types \(\mathrm{A}_n\),\(\mathrm{B}_n\),\(\mathrm{C}_n\),\(\mathrm{D}_n\), \(\mathrm{E}_6\), \(\mathrm{F}_4\), \(\mathrm{G}_2\). Then, the set \(\{ [\mathrm{Hess}(N,h')] \in H^*(\mathrm{Hess}(N,h)) \mid h'\subset h \}\) of the Poincaré duals is linearly independent.

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