Nonlinear differential equations satisfied by certain classical modular forms

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Abstract: A unified treatment is given of low-weight modular forms on Gamma_0(N), N=2,3,4, that have Eisenstein series representations. For each N, certain weight-1 forms are shown to satisfy a coupled system of nonlinear differential equations, which yields a single nonlinear third-order equation, called a generalized Chazy equation. As byproducts, a table of divisor function and theta identities is generated by means of q-expansions, and a transformation law under Gamma_0(4) for the second complete elliptic integral is derived. More generally, it is shown how Picard-Fuchs equations of triangle subgroups of PSL(2,R) which are hypergeometric equations, yield systems of nonlinear equations for weight-1 forms, and generalized Chazy equations. Each triangle group commensurable with Gamma(1) is treated.


The author of the paper under review derives ordinary differential equations that are satisfied by certain elliptic modular forms and their roots. These forms are single-valued holomorphic functions on the upper-half plane \(h=\{z\mid \text{Im}\,z>0\}\). He considers the classical modular groups including \(\Gamma(1)=\text{PSL}(2,\mathbb Z)\), the Hecke congruence subgroups \(\Gamma_0(N)\), \(N=2,3,4\) and their Fricke extensions \(\Gamma_0^+<\text{PSL}(2,\mathbb R)\). The author shows how Picard-Fuchs equations of triangle subgroups of \(\text{PSL}(2,\mathbb R)\) yield a system of nonlinear equations for weight \(-1\) forms, and the generalized Chazy equation. He also treats every triangle group commensurable with \(\Gamma(1)\). For his computations he makes heavy use of \(q\)-expansions and the theory of modular forms. The author's approach in the paper is extensively ``modular.



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