Study of ideal gases in curved spacetimes

DOI10.1142/S0219887823501505MaRDI QIDQ6184007zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Hernando Quevedo

Publication date 24 January 2024

Published in International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.06934

zbMATH Keywords

general relativitymomentum mapSchwarzschild black holeSouriau's Lie group statisticsstatistical physicssymplectic geometry

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Statistical thermodynamics (82B30) General relativity (83C99)

Abstract: The influence of a curved spacetime $M$ on the physical behavior of an ideal gas of $N$ particles is analyzed by considering the phase space of the system as a region of the cotangent bundle $T^{\ast }{M}^N$ and using Souriau's Lie group {thermodynamics} to define the corresponding probability distribution function. While the construction of the phase space respects the separability of the system, by forcing each particle to satisfy the so-called mass-shell constraint, the probability distribution is constructed by mixing the natural symplectic structure of the cotangent bundle with a Hamiltonian description of the system. In this way, the spacetime is introduced into the statistics and its isometries turn out to be of special interest because the distributions are parameterized by the elements of the Lie algebra of the isometry group, through the momentum map of the action of the isometries in $T^{\ast }{M}^N$. We find the Gibbs distribution that, in the simplest case of a flat spacetime, reduces to the so-called modified J"{u}ttner distribution, used to describe ideal gases in the regime of special relativity. We also define a temperature-like function using the norm of a Killing vector, which allows us to recover the so-called Tolman-Ehrenfest effect. As a particular example, we study the outer region of a Schwarzschild black hole, for which a power series expansion of the Schwarzschild radius allows us to represent the partition function and the Gibbs distribution in terms of the corresponding quantities of the Minkowski spacetime.

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