Fredholmness and smooth dependence for linear time-periodic hyperbolic systems

DOI10.1016/J.JDE.2011.09.013MaRDI QIDQ652511zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 14 December 2011

Published in Journal of Differential Equations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1005.0689

first-order hyperbolic systems Fredholm alternative Fredholm operator with index zero Fredholm-type solution isomorphism

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Periodic solutions to PDEs (35B10) Initial-boundary value problems for first-order hyperbolic systems (35L50) (Semi-) Fredholm operators; index theories (47A53)

Abstract: This paper concerns

n i m e s n

linear one-dimensional hyperbolic systems of the type

partial_tu_j + a_j(x)partial_xu_j + sumlimits_{k=1}^nb_{jk}(x)u_k = f_j(x,t),; j=1,...,n,

with periodicity conditions in time and reflection boundary conditions in space. We state conditions on the data

a_{j}

and

b_{j k}

and the reflection coefficients such that the system is Fredholm solvable. Moreover, we state conditions on the data such that for any right hand side there exists exactly one solution, that the solution survives under small perturbations of the data, and that the corresponding data-to-solution-map is smooth with respect to appropriate function space norms. In particular, those conditions imply that no small denominator effects occur. We show that perturbations of the coefficients

a_{j}

lead to essentially different results than perturbations of the coefficients

b_{j k}

, in general. Our results cover cases of non-strictly hyperbolic systems as well as systems with discontinuous coefficients

a_{j}

and

b_{j k}

, but they are new even in the case of strict hyperbolicity and of smooth coefficients.

Review text

The authors study \(n\times n\) linear one-dimensional hyperbolic systems of the type \[ \partial_t u_j+ a_j(x)\partial_x u_j+ \sum^n_{k=1} b_{jk} u_k= f_j(x,t)\tag{1} \] for \(j= 1,\dots, n\), \(x\in (0,1)\) with time-periodicity conditions \[ u_j(x,t+ 2\pi)= u_j(t,x),\quad j= 1,\dots, n,\;x\in [0,1]\tag{2} \] and boundary conditions \[ \begin{aligned} u_j(0,t) &= \sum^n_{k=m+1} r^0_{jk} u_k(0,t),\quad j= 1,\dots, m,\\ u_j(1,t) & =\sum^m_{k=1} r^1_{jk} u_k(1,t),\quad j= m+1,\dots, n.\end{aligned}\tag{3} \] Here \(1\leq m\leq n\) is a fixed natural number, \(r^0_{jk}\), \(r^1_{jk}\) are real numbers. The right-hand sides \(f_j\) are supposed to be \(2\pi\) periodic with respect to \(t\). The periodic-Dirichlet problem (1)--(3) is transformed to an abstract operator equation \[ A(a,b^0)u+ B(b^1) u=f\tag{4} \] with the operators \(A(a,b^0)\) and \(B(b^1)\) which are well defined for \(a_j\), \(b_{jk}\in L^\infty(0,1)\). Here \(a\) is the vector with components \(a_j\), and \(b^0\) and \(b^1\) are the diagonal and nondiagonal parts of the matrix with components \(b_{jk}\). The first result concerns an isomorphism property of \(A(a,b^0)\) on certain unisotropic Sobolev spaces. The second result establishes conditions for the coefficients \(a_j\) and \(b_{jk}\) such that the operator \(A(a,b^0)+ B(b^1)\) is a Fredholm operator.

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