Lefschetz fibration structures on knot surgery 4-manifolds
\textit{R.~Fintushel} and \textit{R.~Stern} [``Knots, links, and 4-manifolds, Invent. Math. 134, No. 2, 363--400 (1998; Zbl 0914.57015)] introduced a knot surgery technique on simply connected smooth 4-manifolds, and proved that, under a mild condition on the simply connected manifold \(X\) and the knot \(K\), the knot surgery 4-manifold \(X_K\) is homeomorphic, but not diffeomorphic to \(X\). Let \(E(2)\) be a simply connected elliptic surface which is the desingularization of the double cover of \(\mathbb{CP}^1 \times \mathbb{CP}^1\) branched over \(4(\{ pt. \} \times \mathbb{CP}^1) \cup 4(\mathbb{CP}^1 \times \{ pt. \})\), the so called \(K3\)-surface. \textit{R.~Fintushel} and \textit{R.~Stern} [``Families of simply connected 4-manifolds with the same Seiberg--Witten invariants, Topology 43, No. 6, 1449--1467 (2004; Zbl 1064.57036)] asked whether or not any two of the following 4-manifolds \[ \{E(2)_{K_1} \#_{id:\Sigma_{2g+1} \to \Sigma_{2g+1}} E(2)_{K_2} \, \mid \, K_1\text{ and }K_2\text{ are genus }g\text{ fibered knots}\} \] are mutually diffeomorphic. Let \(K_{p,q}\) \((p,q \in \mathbb{Z})\) be a family of knots constructed by \textit{T. ~Kanenobu} in [``Infinitely many knots with the same polynomial invariant, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 97, 158--162 (1986; Zbl 0611.57007)] and [``Examples on polynomial invariants of knots and links, Math. Ann. 275, 555--572 (1986; Zbl 0584.57005)], which are inequivalent fibered knots with the same Alexander polynomial. \(E(2)_{K_{p,q}}\) admits a genus \(5\) Lefschetz fibration structure. Let \(\xi_{p,q}\) be the monodromy factorization of \(E(2)_{K_{p,q}}\). In the paper under review, the authors show the following results: (1) as an answer to the above problem, \(\{ E(2)_{K_{p,q}} \#_{id:\Sigma_5 \to \Sigma_5} E(2)_{K_{p+1,q}} \, | \, p, q \in \mathbb{Z} \}\) are mutually diffeomorphic and \(\{ E(2)_{K_{p,q}} \#_{id:\Sigma_5 \to \Sigma_5} E(2)_{K_{p,q+1}} \, | \, p, q \in \mathbb{Z} \}\) are mutually diffeomorphic by investigating the equivalence of the monodromy factorization of these genus \(5\) Lefschetz fibrations, and (2) \(\xi_{p,q}\) is not equivalent to \(\xi_{r,s}\) if \((p,q) \not\equiv (r,s)\) mod \(2\) by showing that the monodromy groups \(G_F(\xi_{p,q})\) with the different parity on \(p,q\) are different using proper subgroups of the mapping class group of \(\Sigma_5\) associated to graphs introduced by \textit{S. P. Humphries} in [``Generators for the mapping class group, Topology of low-dimensional manifolds, Proc. 2nd Sussex Conf., 1977, Lect. Notes Math. 722, 44--47 (1979; Zbl 0732.57004)].
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