An energy- and charge-conserving, implicit, electrostatic particle-in-cell algorithm

DOI10.1016/J.JCP.2011.05.031zbMATH Open1237.78006arXiv1101.3701OpenAlexW2028801156MaRDI QIDQ655023FDOQ655023

Authors: D. C. Barnes, Guangye Chen, Luis Chacón 

Publication date: 28 December 2011

Published in: Journal of Computational Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: This paper discusses a novel fully implicit formulation for a 1D electrostatic particle-in-cell (PIC) plasma simulation approach. Unlike earlier implicit electrostatic PIC approaches (which are based on a linearized Vlasov-Poisson formulation), ours is based on a nonlinearly converged Vlasov-Amp`ere (VA) model. By iterating particles and fields to a tight nonlinear convergence tolerance, the approach features superior stability and accuracy properties, avoiding most of the accuracy pitfalls in earlier implicit PIC implementations. In particular, the formulation is stable against temporal (CFL) and spatial (aliasing) instabilities. It is charge- and energy-conserving to numerical roundoff for arbitrary implicit time steps. While momentum is not exactly conserved, errors are kept small by an adaptive particle sub-stepping orbit integrator, which is instrumental to prevent particle tunneling. The VA model is orbit-averaged along particle orbits to enforce an energy conservation theorem with particle sub-stepping. As a result, very large time steps, constrained only by the dynamical time scale of interest, are possible without accuracy loss. Algorithmically, the approach features a Jacobian-free Newton-Krylov solver. A main development in this study is the nonlinear elimination of the new-time particle variables (positions and velocities). Such nonlinear elimination, which we term particle enslavement, results in a nonlinear formulation with memory requirements comparable to those of a fluid computation, and affords us substantial freedom in regards to the particle orbit integrator. Numerical examples are presented that demonstrate the advertised properties of the scheme. In particular, long-time ion acoustic wave simulations show that numerical accuracy does not degrade even with very large implicit time steps, and that significant CPU gains are possible.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1101.3701

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zbMATH Keywords

convergenceenergy conservationBoltzmann equationcharge conservationimplicit algorithmJacobian-free Newton-Krylov solverion-acoustic waveparticle enslavementparticle-in-cell modelVlasov-Ampère equations

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Numerical computation of solutions to systems of equations (65H10) Vlasov equations (35Q83) Particle methods and lattice-gas methods (76M28) Electromagnetic theory (general) (78A25) Motion of charged particles (78A35) Statistical mechanics of plasmas (82D10)

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