Integrable systems of the ellipsoidal, paraboloidal and conical type with magnetic field

Applications of Lie algebras and superalgebras to integrable systems (17B80) Completely integrable finite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems, integration methods, integrability tests (37J35) Relations of finite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems with Lie algebras and other algebraic structures (37J37) Relations of finite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems with topology, geometry and differential geometry (symplectic geometry, Poisson geometry, etc.) (37J39) Completely integrable systems and methods of integration for problems in Hamiltonian and Lagrangian mechanics (70H06) Motion of charged particles (78A35)

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The authors consider integrable Hamiltonian systems describing the motion of particles influenced by magnetic fields of ellipsoidal, paraboloidal and conical type, i.e., separable systems that generalize natural Hamiltonians including a nonvanishing magnetic field. These magnetic Hamiltonians take the form\N\[\NH=\frac{1}{2}(\vec{p}+ \vec{A}(\vec{x}))^2+W(\vec{x}),\N\]\Nwhere \(\vec{A}(\vec{x})\) is the vector-potential, \(\vec{x}\equiv (x,y,z)\in \mathbb{E}_3\), and \(W(\vec{x})\) is electrostatic potential. This is a mathematical model of a classical nonrelativistic charged particle moving in an external static electromagnetic field \(W\) in three dimensional Euclidean space \(\mathbb{E}_3\). The dynamics of such a system is invariant under time-independent gauge transformations \(\vec{A}^{\prime}(\vec{x})= \vec{A}(\vec{x})+ \nabla\chi \), \(W^{\prime}(\vec{x})= W(\vec{x})\). The magnetic field is \(\vec{B}(\vec{x})= \nabla\times \vec{A}(\vec{x})\), that is, \[\vec{B}(\vec{x})= \sum\limits_{k,l=1}^{3} \epsilon_{jkl} \partial A_l/\partial x_k,\] \(j=1,2,3\), where \(\epsilon_{jkl}\) is the completely antisymmetric tensor with \(\epsilon_{123}=1\), and the scalar potential is \[V(\vec{x})=W(\vec{x})+\frac{1}{2} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{3} A_i^2(\vec{x}).\] \N\NThe system under consideration is integrable in the sense that there exist integrals of motion \(X_1\) and \(X_2\) in involution with respect to a Poisson bracket. Moreover, both are at most quadratic polynomials in the momenta. The leading order terms of any quadratic integral are polynomials of second order in the enveloping algebra of the Euclidean algebra \({{e}}(3)\) with the basis \(p_1\), \(p_2\), \(p_3\), \(l_1\), \(l_2\), \(l_3\), where \(l_k =\sum\limits_{m,n} \varepsilon_{kmn}x_mp_n\) are the components of the angular momentum, \(k = 1, 2, 3\). Thus the considered quadratic integrals can be expressed in terms of covariantized momenta \(p_k^A = p_k + A_k(\vec{x})\) and angular momenta \(l_{k}^{A}= \sum\limits_{m,n} \varepsilon_{kmn}x_mp_n^A\) as \N\[X_a=\sum\limits_{1\leq m\leq n\leq 6} \alpha_{mn}^{a} \Gamma_{m}^{A}\Gamma_{n}^{Aa} + \sum\limits_{j=1}^{3} s_{a}^{x_j}(\vec{x})p_{j}^{A}+ m_a(\vec{x}),\] \N\(a=1,2\), where \(\Gamma^A=(p_1^A,p_1^A,p_1^A,l_{1}^{A}, l_{2}^{A},l_{3}^{A})\), \(\alpha_{mn}^{a}\in\mathbb{R}\). The involutivity conditions\N\(\{H,X_a\}=0\) (\(a=1,2\)) and \(\{X_1,X_2\}=0\),\Nwhere \(\{\cdot ,\cdot \}\) is the Poisson bracket, must be satisfied. The functions \(s_{a}^{x_j}(\vec{x})\), \(m_a(\vec{x})\) and the coefficients \(\alpha_{mn}^{a}\in\mathbb{R}\) can be determined accordingly. Here \(x_j\) in the upper index of \(s_{a}^{x_j}(\vec{x})\) is the spatial coordinate canonically conjugated to the momentum \(p_j\). \N\NThe authors study integrable systems in magnetic fields which possess three different types quadratic integrals of motion: (1) ellipsoidal, (2) paraboloidal and (3) conical. In each one of these cases the integrals \(X_1\), \(X_2\) have different forms.\NIn the case (1) \(X_1\), \(X_2\) are expressed in ellipsoidal coordinates; in the case (2) \(X_1\), \(X_2\) are expressed in paraboloidal coordinates; in the case (3) conical coordinates are used.\NIn the first and second case the authors show classification results for three one-parameter families of systems, each involving one arbitrary function of a single variable and a parameter specifying the strength of the magnetic field. In the conical case the authors show that there exist two one-parameter families like in the other cases and one class which is less restrictive and so far resists a full classification.

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