Rigidity of free boundary minimal disks in mean convex three-manifolds
Minimal surfaces in differential geometry, surfaces with prescribed mean curvature (53A10) Global Riemannian geometry, including pinching (53C20) Methods of global Riemannian geometry, including PDE methods; curvature restrictions (53C21) Applications of differential geometry to physics (53Z05) Equations of motion in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C10) Black holes (83C57)
The purpose of this paper is to present a connection between free boundary minimal surfaces and general relativity using the modified Hawking mass. The modified Hawking mass of a compact free boundary surface \(\Sigma\) in a Riemannian three-manifold \((M, g)\) is defined to be\N\[\N\tilde{m}_{H}(\Sigma) = \sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{Area}(\Sigma)}{8\pi}}\left(\chi(\Sigma)-\frac{1}{8\pi}\int_{\Sigma}\left(H^2+\frac{2}{3}\Lambda\right)d\sigma\right) ,\N\]\Nwhere \(H\) is the mean curvature of \(\Sigma\) and \(\Lambda\) is the infimum of the scalar curvature.\N\NThe main result of the paper is the following. Let \((M, g)\) be a Riemannian three-manifold with boundary \(\partial M\), scalar curvature \(R\geq 2\) and \(H^{\partial M} \geq 0\). If \(\Sigma\) is a properly embedded, two-sided, free boundary strictly stable minimal two-disk which locally maximizes the modified Hawking mass, then the Gauss curvature of \(\Sigma\) is constant equal to \(1/a^2\) for some \(a \in (0, 1)\), the geodesic curvature of \(\partial\Sigma\) vanishes and a neighborhood of \(\Sigma\) in \((M, g)\) is isometric to the half de Sitter-Schwarzschild space.
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