Hamiltonian Floer theory on surfaces: linking, positively transverse foliations and spectral invariants

DOI10.1007/S00222-024-01274-0MaRDI QIDQ6585700zbMATH OpenFDO

Publication date 12 August 2024

Published in Inventiones Mathematicae (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/S00222-024-01274-0

capped braids Floer homology foliations Hamiltonian dynamics Oh-Schwarz spectral invariants PSS maps unlinked braids

Pseudoholomorphic curves (32Q65) Foliations generated by dynamical systems (37C86) Dynamical systems involving homeomorphisms and diffeomorphisms of planes and surfaces (37E30) Fixed points and periodic points of finite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems (37J12) Relations of finite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems with topology, geometry and differential geometry (symplectic geometry, Poisson geometry, etc.) (37J39) Nonautonomous Hamiltonian dynamical systems (Painlevé equations, etc.) (37J65) Dynamical system aspects of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems (37K99) Symplectic aspects of Floer homology and cohomology (53D40) Floer homology (57R58)

Review text

For a collection of capped 1-periodic orbits of a Hamiltonian \(H\) on a surface \(\Sigma\) which are ``maximally unlinked relative to the Morse range, the author associates a singular foliation \(S^1 \times \Sigma\) which is positively transverse to the vector field \(\partial_t \oplus X^H\). A topological characterization of the Floer chains which represent the fundamental class in \(CF_\ast(H,J)\) and lie in the image of some chain-level PSS map is given, which leads to a new family of spectral invariants with properties similar to the Oh-Schwarz spectral invariants. The results in this paper significantly extend those in [\textit{V. Humilière} et al., Geom. Topol. 20, No. 4, 2253--2334 (2016; Zbl 1356.53082)].\N\NLet \((\Sigma,\omega)\) be a symplectic surface, \(H:S^1 \times \Sigma \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) a periodic time-dependent Hamiltonian on the surface, and \(\phi^H:[0,1] \times \Sigma \rightarrow \Sigma\) the associated isotopy given by the flow of the time dependent Hamiltonian vector field \(X_t^H\) defined by \(\omega(X_t^H, \cdot) = - dH_t(\cdot)\). The isotopy \(\phi^H\) and a family \((J_t)_{t \in S^1}\) of \(\omega\)-compatible almost complex structures determine a Floer chain complex \(CF_\ast(H,J)\), under certain generic conditions, which is generated by the set \(\widetilde{\mathrm{Per}}_0(H)\) of capped 1-periodic orbits \(\hat{x}\) of \(\phi^H\). The boundary operator for \(CF_\ast(H,J)\) is given by counting \(J\)-holomorphic Floer cylinders in some appropriate moduli spaces \(\widetilde{\mathcal{M}}(\hat{x},\hat{y};H,J)\).\N\NThere is a \(\mathbb{Z}\)-grading \(\mu_{CZ}\) on \(CF_\ast(H,J)\) and a real-valued filtration induced by the Hamiltonian action functional \(\mathcal{A}_H\) associated to \(H\). A collection of capped orbits \(\hat{X} \in \widetilde{\mathrm{Per}}_0(H)\) that are pairwise distinct and the grading \(\mu_{CZ}\) form a geometric object that the author calls an indexed capped braid \((\hat{X},\mu_{CZ})\). The author considers the topology of the indexed capped braids in \(\widetilde{\mathrm{Per}}_0(H)\) as ``encoding the topological structure of 1-periodic orbits of \((\phi_t^H)_{t \in [0,1]}\) along with the coarse local structure of the isotopy near these orbits. The overall question addressed in the paper is: ``What relations does the topological structure of \(\widetilde{\mathrm{Per}}_0(H)\) impose on the (filtered) algebraic structure of \(CF_\ast(H,J)\) and vice versa?\N\NThe author says that a capped braid \(\hat{X}\) is unlinked if the capping disks of the strands may be chosen so that their graphs in \(D^2 \times \Sigma\) are disjoint, and \(\hat{X}\) is called positive (negative) if the capping disks may be chosen so that their graphs are transverse with only positive (negative) intersections. An indexed capped braid \(\hat{X}\) is called maximally unlinked relative to the Morse range, \(\hat{X} \in murm(H)\), if \(\hat{X}\) is unlinked, every capped strand of \(\hat{X}\) has index -1, 0, or 1, and \(\hat{X}\) is maximal among all collections of capped orbits in \(\widetilde{\mathrm{Per}}_0(H)\) with these properties. We can now state the first two main theorems in the paper.\N\NTheorem A. Let \((\Sigma,\omega)\) be a closed symplectic surface. \(H \in C^\infty(S^1 \times \Sigma)\) be a nondegenerate Hamiltonian, and let \(J \in C^\infty(S^1;\mathcal{J}_\omega(\Sigma))\) be such that \((H,J)\) is Floer regular. For any capped braid \(\hat{X} \in murm(H)\), we may construct an oriented singular foliation \(\mathcal{F}^{\hat{X}}\) of \(S^1 \times \Sigma\) with the following properties\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[1.] The singular leaves of \(\mathcal{F}^{\hat{X}}\) are precisely the graphs of the orbits in \(\hat{X}\). That is, they are parameterized by the maps \(t \mapsto (t,x(t))\) for \(\hat{x} = [x,w_x] \in \hat{X}\).\N\item[2.] The regular leaves are precisely the annuli parameterized by the maps \N\begin{align*} \N\check{u}:\mathbb{R} \times S^1 & \rightarrow S^1 \times \Sigma\\\N(s,t) & \mapsto (t,u(s,t)), \N\end{align*} \Nfor some \(u \in \widetilde{\mathcal{M}}(\hat{x},\hat{y}; H,J)\) and some \(\hat{x}\), \(\hat{y} \in \hat{X}\).\N\item[3.] The vector field \(\check{X}^H(t,z) = \partial_t \oplus H_t^H(z)\) is positively transverse to every regular leaf of \(\mathcal{F}^{\hat{X}}\). That is, \(\check{X}^H \wedge \check{u}_\ast(\partial_s \wedge \partial_t)\) is a positively oriented volume element on each regular leaf, where \(\check{u}\) is as above.\N\end{itemize}\NLet \(\mathcal{F}_t^{\hat{X}}\) be the singular foliation on \(\Sigma\) given by intersecting \(\mathcal{F}^{\hat{X}}\) with the fiber \(\{t\} \times \Sigma\), where \(t \in S^1\). There is a loop of diffeomorphisms \((\psi_t^{\hat{X}})_{t \in S^1}\) such that \(\psi_t^{\hat{X}}\) sends \(\mathcal{F}_0^{\hat{X}}\) to \(\mathcal{F}_1^{\hat{X}}\) given by \(t \mapsto (t,u_s(t))\).\N\NTheorem B. For every \(t \in S^1\), \(\mathcal{F}_t^{\hat{X}}\) is a singular foliation of Morse type (ie. there is a choice of Morse function and metric on \(\Sigma\) for which \(\mathcal{F}_t^{\hat{X}}\) is the singular foliation associated to the negative gradient flow). Moreover, the loop \((\psi_t^{\hat{X}})_{t \in S^1}\) is a contractible loop of diffeomorphisms such that the orbits of \((\psi^{\hat{X}})^{-1} \circ \phi^H\) are positively transverse to the foliation \(\mathcal{F}_0^{\hat{X}}\).\N\NNow recall that there is a PSS isomorphism between Floer homology and quantum homology defined by a chain level map\N\[\N\Phi_{\mathcal{D}}^{PSS}: QC_\ast(f,g) \rightarrow CF_{\ast - n}(H,J)\N\]\Nusing a Morse-Smale pair \((f,g)\) and some ancillary data \(\mathcal{D}\). The author proves the following.\N\NTheorem C. Let \(\sigma \in CF_1(H,J)\). \(\sigma\) is a non-trivial cycle such that \(\sigma \in im\ \Phi_{\mathcal{D}}^{PSS}\) for some regular PSS data \(\mathcal{D}\) if and only if supp \(\sigma\) is a maximal positive capped braid relative index 1.\N\NLet \(c_{im}(\alpha;H)\) be the infimal action level required to represent a non-zero quantum homology class \(\alpha\) in the filtered Floer complex of \(H\) via some chain-level PSS map. These quantities define spectral invariants, which the author calls PSS-image spectral invariants. Theorem C has the following corollary.\N\NCorollary. Let \(H\) be non-degenerate\N\[\Nc_{im}([\Sigma];H) = \max_{\hat{X} \in mp_{(1)}(H)} \max_{\hat{x}\in \hat{X}} \mathcal{A}_H(\hat{x}).\N\]\N\NThe notation \(\hat{X} \in mp_{(1)}(H)\) means that \(\hat{X} \subset \widetilde{Per}_0(H)\) is maximally positive relative index \(1\). That is, \(\hat{X}\) is positive, every capped strand of \(\hat{X}\) has index 1, and \(\hat{X}\) is maximal among all collections of capped orbits with these properties.\N\NThe PSS-image spectral invariants have many of the same formal properties of the Oh-Schwarz spectral invariants. In particular, the PSS-image spectral invariants can be used to define a conjugation invariant norm on \(\mathrm{Ham}(M,\omega)\):\N\[\N\gamma_{im} := \inf \left( c_{im}([M];H) + c_{im}([M];\bar{H}) \right),\N\]\Nwhere the infimum is taken over the Hamiltonians \(H\) such that \(\phi_1^H = \phi\). The author obtains the following result.\N\NTheorem D. On surfaces, the conjugation invariant norm \(\gamma_{im}\) is both \(C^0\)-continuous and Hofer-continuous. Moreover, if \(\phi\) is non-degenerate and \(\Sigma \neq S^2\), then\N\[\N\gamma_{im}(\phi) = \min_{\hat{X} \in mp_{(1)}(H)} \max_{\hat{x}\in \hat{X}} \mathcal{A}_H(\hat{x}) - \max_{\hat{X} \in mn_{(-1)}(H)} \min_{\hat{x}\in \hat{X}} \mathcal{A}_H(\hat{x}),\N\]\Nfor \(H\) any Hamiltonian such that \(\phi_1^H = \phi\). (Here \(mn_{(-1)}(H)\) denotes the set of all capped braids \(\hat{X} \subseteq \widetilde{Per}_0(H)\) which are `maximally negative relative index \(-1\)'.)\N\NAs a final consequence of Theorem C the author proves the following.\N\NTheorem E Assume that \(H \in C^\infty(S^1 \times S^2)\) is non-degenerate and normalized so that \(\int H_t \omega = 0\) for all \(t \in S^1\), then\N\[\N\min \left\{\min_{\hat{X} \in mp_{(1)}(H)} \max_{\hat{x}\in \hat{X}} \mathcal{A}_H(\hat{x}), - \max_{\hat{X} \in mn_{(-1)}(H)} \min_{\hat{x}\in \hat{X}} \mathcal{A}_H(\hat{x}) \right\} < -k\ \mathrm{Area}(S^2,\omega)\N\]\Nonly if the commutator length of \(\tilde{\phi}^H\) in \(\widetilde{\mathrm{Ham}}(S^2)\) is strictly greater than \(2k+1\).

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