On geometric circulant matrices with geometric sequence

DOI10.1080/03081087.2023.2188156MaRDI QIDQ6586412zbMATH OpenFDO

Publication date 13 August 2024

Published in Linear and Multilinear Algebra (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1080/03081087.2023.2188156

Matrices, determinants in number theory (11C20) Theory of matrix inversion and generalized inverses (15A09) Determinants, permanents, traces, other special matrix functions (15A15) Norms of matrices, numerical range, applications of functional analysis to matrix theory (15A60) Toeplitz, Cauchy, and related matrices (15B05)

Review text

After an introduction where a review of the literature on \(k\)-circulant matrices is given, the author presents and motivates the definition of a related class of matrices defined by \textit{C. Kızılateş} and \textit{N. Tuglu} [J. Inequal. Appl. 2016, Paper No. 312, 15 p. (2016; Zbl 1349.15060)], namely \textit{geometric circulant matrices}, i.e., matrices completely determined by a nonzero complex number \(k \in \mathbb{C}\backslash \{0\}\) and their first row in the sense that they are of the following form: \N\[\N\text{circ}_n\{_{k^*}(c_0, c_1, c_2, \dots, c_{n-1})\} ~=~ \begin{pmatrix} c_0 & c_1 & c_2 & \dots & c_{n-2} & c_{n-1} \\\Nk c_{n-1} & c_0 & c_1 & \dots & c_{n-3} & c_{n-2} \\\Nk^2 c_{n-2} & kc_{n-1} & c_0 & \dots & c_{n-4} & c_{n-3} \\\N\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\\Nk^{n-2} c_2 & k^{n-3} c_3 & k^{n-4} c_4 & \dots & c_0 & c_1 \\\Nk^{n-1} c_1 & k^{n-2} c_2 & k^{n-3} c_3 & \dots & kc_{n-1} & c_0 \end{pmatrix}.\N\]\NMore specifically, the paper examines a special case of geometric circulant matrices, where the entries in the first row form a geometric progression of common ratio \(q \in \mathbb{R}\backslash \{0\}\) and of scale factor \(g \in \mathbb{C}\backslash \{0\}\). In other words, the author considers matrices of the form \N\[\N\text{circ}_n\{_{k^*}(g, gq, gq^2, \dots, gq^{n-1})\},\N\]\Nand studies their determinant, Frobenius norm, as well as bounds for the spectral norm (i.e., the matrix norm induced by the \(\ell_2\)-norm for vectors).\N\NThe main original results obtained and proved in this article generally come in pairs:\N\N\begin{itemize}\N\item An explicit formula (depending on \(k\), \(n\) and \(q\)) is obtained for \(\text{det}(Q)\), where \N\[\NQ = \text{circ}_n\{_{k^*}(1, q, q^2, \dots, q^{n-1})\}.\N\]\NThis formula is then used to obtain an analogous formula for \(\text{det}(G)\), where \N\[\N G=\text{circ}_n\{_{k^*}(g, gq, gq^2, \dots, gq^{n-1})\}.\N\]\N\item The Moore-Penrose inverse of \N\[\N\text{circ}_n\{_{\left(\frac{1}{q^n}\right)^*}(1, q, q^2, \dots, q^{n-1})\}\N\]\Nis obtained for arbitrary natural number \(n>1\). This serves as a springboard for the computation of the Moore-Penrose of \N\[\N \text{circ}_n\{_{\left(\frac{1}{q^n}\right)^*}(g, gq, gq^2, \dots, gq^{n-1})\}\N\]\Nfor arbitrary natural number \(n>1\).\N\N\item The Moore-Penrose inverse of \N\[\N\text{circ}_n\{_{(-1)^*}(1,-1,1, \dots, -1, 1)\}\N\]\Nis obtained for arbitrary odd natural number \(n>1\). Once again, this serves as a springboard for the computation of the Moore-Penrose of \N\[\N\text{circ}_n\{_{(-1)^*}(g,-g,g, \dots, -g, g)\}\N\] \Nfor arbitrary odd natural number \(n>1\).\N\end{itemize}\N\NLastly, and perhaps most interestingly, explicit formulas for the Frobenius norm of \[\text{circ}_n\{_{k^*}(g, gq, gq^2, \dots, gq^{n-1})\}\] are derived, along with upper and lower bounds for their spectral norm.\N\NIt is worth highlighting that the article contains a number of numerical examples to aid understanding.

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