Centroidal localization game

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graph searching outerplanar graphs cops and robber

Small world graphs, complex networks (graph-theoretic aspects) (05C82) Games on graphs (graph-theoretic aspects) (05C57) Games involving graphs (91A43) Positional games (pursuit and evasion, etc.) (91A24)

Abstract: One important problem in a network is to locate an (invisible) moving entity by using distance-detectors placed at strategical locations. For instance, the metric dimension of a graph

G

is the minimum number

k

of detectors placed in some vertices

v_{1}, c d o t s, v_{k}

such that the vector

(d_{1}, c d o t s, d_{k})

of the distances

d (v_{i}, r)

between the detectors and the entity's location

r

allows to uniquely determine

r i n V (G)

. In a more realistic setting, instead of getting the exact distance information, given devices placed in

v_{1}, c d o t s, v_{k}

, we get only relative distances between the entity's location

r

and the devices (for every

1 l e q i, j l e q k

, it is provided whether

d (v_{i}, r) >

,

<

, or

=

to

d (v_{j}, r)

). The centroidal dimension of a graph

G

is the minimum number of devices required to locate the entity in this setting. We consider the natural generalization of the latter problem, where vertices may be probed sequentially until the moving entity is located. At every turn, a set

v_{1}, c d o t s, v_{k}

of vertices is probed and then the relative distances between the vertices

v_{i}

and the current location

r

of the entity are given. If not located, the moving entity may move along one edge. Let

z e t a^{*} (G)

be the minimum

k

such that the entity is eventually located, whatever it does, in the graph

G

. We prove that

z e t a^{*} (T) l e q 2

for every tree

T

and give an upper bound on

z e t a^{*} (G s q u a r e H)

in cartesian product of graphs

G

and

H

. Our main result is that

z e t a^{*} (G) l e q 3

for any outerplanar graph

G

. We then prove that

z e t a^{*} (G)

is bounded by the pathwidth of

G

plus 1 and that the optimization problem of determining

z e t a^{*} (G)

is NP-hard in general graphs. Finally, we show that approximating (up to any constant distance) the entity's location in the Euclidean plane requires at most two vertices per turn.

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