Binary forms with the same value set. III: The case of D₃ and D₆
This is the third and last paper of a trilogy by the authors, in which they investigate and completely solve the following problem: characterize the pairs \((F,G)\) of binary forms of degree \(d\geqslant 3\) and nonzero discriminant such that \(F({\mathbb{Z}}^2)=G({\mathbb{Z}}^2)\) while \(F\) and \(G\) are not \({\mathrm{GL}}(2,{\mathbb{Z}})\) equivalent. When this is the case, they say that the two forms are linked and that the pair is extraordinary. If the two forms are linked, they are \({\mathrm{GL}}(2,{\mathbb{Q}})\) equivalent. According to [\textit{C. L. Stewart} and \textit{S. Y. Xiao}, Math. Ann. 375, No. 1--2, 133--163 (2019; Zbl 1464.11035)], there are \(10\) classes of conjugation in \({\mathrm{GL}}(2,{\mathbb{Q}})\) of binary forms of degree \(\geqslant 3\) and nonzero discriminant. The authors of the paper under review solved their problem for the \(7\) classes \({\mathbf C}_1\), \({\mathbf C}_2\), \({\mathbf C}_3\), \({\mathbf C}_4\), \({\mathbf C}_6\), \({\mathbf D}_1\), \({\mathbf D}_2\) in their first paper [Part I, the authors, ``Binary forms with the same value set I, Preprint, \url{arXiv:2404.11231}] and the case of \({\mathbf D}_4\) in the Part II [the authors, Res. Number Theory 11, No. 2, Paper No. 43, 24 p. (2025; Zbl 1573.11090)]. Here they achieve their goal by solving the two remaining cases \({\mathbf D}_3\) and \({\mathbf D}_6\). \N\NGiven a form \(F\), they introduce a form \(F^\dag\) defined by \(F^\dag(X,Y)=F(2X,Y)\). Given an extraordinary pair \((F_1,F_2)\) of binary forms with groups of automorphisms conjugate to \({\mathbf D}_3\) or \({\mathbf D}_6\), they prove that there exists a pair of binary forms \((G_1,G_2)\) such that \(F_1\) and \(G_1\) are \({\mathrm{GL}}(2,{\mathbb{Z}})\) equivalent, \(F_2\) and \(G_2\) are \({\mathrm{GL}}(2,{\mathbb{Z}})\) equivalent, and either\N\[\NG_1^\dag=G_2 \text{ and } \{\sigma\in{\mathrm{Aut}}(G_1,{\mathbb{Q}}),\; \sigma^3={\mathrm{Id}}\}\subset {\mathrm{GL}}(2,{\mathbb{Z}}),\N\]\Nor\N\[\NG_2^\dag=G_1 \text{ and } \{\sigma\in{\mathrm{Aut}}(G_2,{\mathbb{Q}}),\; \sigma^3={\mathrm{Id}}\}\subset {\mathrm{GL}}(2,{\mathbb{Z}}).\N\]\NThe proof involves an auxiliary result of independent interest on covering lattices, namely sets \(\{\Lambda_1,\dots,\Lambda_k\}\) of lattices in \({\mathbb{Z}}^2\) such that \(\Lambda_1\cup\dots\cup\Lambda_k={\mathbb{Z}}^2\). They prove that there is no minimal covering of length \(k=2\), a unique one of length \(3\), there are \(4\) of length \(4\), there are \(9\) of length \(5\) and \(40\) of length \(6\). A table with these \(54\) lattices is given in an appendix.
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