Wielandt X -subgroups
Let \(G\) be a finite group and \(H \le G\) a subgroup. The subgroup \(H\) is called subnormal in \(G\) if there exists a chain \(H = G_0 \trianglelefteq G_1 \trianglelefteq \dots \trianglelefteq G_n = G\). A class \(\mathfrak{X}\) of finite groups is said to be complete in the sense of Wielandt if it is nonempty and closed under taking subgroups, homomorphic images and extensions. The problem of determining the conjugacy classes of maximal \(\mathfrak{X}\)-subgroups of \(G\) (those maximal under inclusion among \(\mathfrak{X}\)-subgroups) is referred to as the \(\mathfrak{X}\)-problem for \(G\).\N\NIn a foundational lecture, \textit{H. Wielandt} [Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 37, 161--173 (1980; Zbl 0458.20024)] introduced a more flexible notion: a subgroup \(H \le G\) is defined to be submaximal (relative to \(\mathfrak{X}\)) if there exist a group \(G^*\) containing \(G\) as a subnormal subgroup and a maximal \(\mathfrak{X}\)-subgroup \(H^* \le G^*\) such that \(H = H^* \cap G\). Submaximal subgroups generalize maximal ones and satisfy the injector property, though not the projector property.\N\NThe paper under review introduces a new intermediate concept: A subgroup \(H \le G\) is called a Wielandt \(\mathfrak{X}\)-subgroup if there exists a normal subgroup \(N \trianglelefteq G\) such that \(k_{\mathfrak{X}}(N) = 1\) and \(HN/N\) is a submaximal \(\mathfrak{X}\)-subgroup.\N\NThe main result (Theorem~1) proves that if \(k_{\mathfrak{X}}(G) = k_{\mathfrak{X}}(G/N)\) for some normal subgroup \(N \trianglelefteq G\), then the map \(H \mapsto HN/N\) induces a bijection between the conjugacy classes of Wielandt \(\mathfrak{X}\)-subgroups of \(G\) and those of \(G/N\). In particular, these subgroups enjoy the projector property whenever maximal \(\mathfrak{X}\)-subgroups do.\N\NIt is also shown that every submaximal \(\mathfrak{X}\)-subgroup is Wielandt, though the converse may fail. Moreover, the Wielandt property is preserved under passage to quotients by the \(\mathfrak{X}\)-radical \(D_{\mathfrak{X}}(G)\), which is defined as the largest normal subgroup \(D \trianglelefteq G\) such that all maximal \(\mathfrak{X}\)-subgroups of \(D\) are conjugate.
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