Roughness in rings.

DOI10.1016/J.INS.2003.10.001MaRDI QIDQ707344zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Bijan Davvaz

Publication date 9 February 2005

Published in Information Sciences (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2003.10.001

zbMATH Keywords

fuzzy sets lower approximations rough ideals rough sets rough subrings upper approximations

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Theory of fuzzy sets, etc. (03E72) Ideals in associative algebras (16D25) Generalizations (16Y99)

Review text

Let \(I\) be an ideal of a ring \(R\). Let \(P(R)\) denote the power set of \(R\). Define \(\underline{Apr}_I\colon P(R)\to P(R)\) and \(\overline{Apr}_I\colon P(R)\to P(R)\) as follows: \(\forall X\in P(R)\), \(\underline{Apr}_I(X)=\{x\in R\mid x+I\subseteq X\}\) and \(\overline{Apr}_I(X)=\{x\in R\mid(x+I)\cap X\neq\emptyset\}\). Then \(\underline{Apr}_I(X)\) and \(\overline{Apr}_I(X)\) are called the lower and upper approximations of \(X\), respectively, with respect to the ideal \(I\). This definition is consistent with the usual definitions in rough set theory since \(I\) defines an equivalence relation \(\sim\) on \(R\), i.e., \(a\sim b\Leftrightarrow a-b\in I\) and \(x+I\) is an equivalence class of \(\sim\). The author then proves basic properties of lower and upper approximations on \(R\). For example, let \(A\) and \(B\) be nonempty subsets of \(R\). Then the author shows that (1) \(\overline{Apr}_I(A)\bullet\overline{Apr}_I(B)=\overline{Apr}_I(A\bullet B)\); (2) \(\overline{Apr}_I(A)+\overline{Apr}_I(B)=\overline{Apr}_I(A+B)\); (3) \(\underline{Apr}_I(A)\bullet\underline{Apr}_I(B)\subseteq\underline{Apr}_I(A \bullet B)\); (4) \(\underline{Apr}_I(A)+\underline{Apr}_I(B)\subseteq \underline{Apr}_I(A+B)\). Let \(J\) be an ideal (subring) of \(R\). The author shows that \(\overline{Apr}_I(J)\) and \(\underline{Apr}_I(J)\) are ideals (subrings) of \(R\). Let \(I\) and \(J\) be ideals of \(R\) and \(K\) a subring of \(R\). The author shows that \(\overline{Apr}_I(K)\bullet\overline{Apr}_J(K)\subseteq \overline{Apr}_{(I+J)}(K)\); \(\underline{Apr}_I(K)\bullet\underline{Apr}_J(K)= \underline{Apr}_{(I+J)}(K)\); \(\overline{Apr}_I(K)+\overline{Apr}_J(K)= \overline{Apr}_{(I+J)}(K)\); \(\underline{Apr}_I(K)+\underline{Apr}_J(K)= \underline{Apr}_{(I+J)}(K)\). The author examines the homomorphic images of lower and upper approximations of sets. He then studies fuzzy sets, fuzzy rough sets and fuzzy rough ideals with respect to lower and upper approximations.

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