Biharmonic submanifolds of CP^n
A biharmonic map \(\varphi:(M,g)\to (N,h)\) between Riemannian manifolds is a critical point of the bienergy functional \(E_2(\varphi)= \frac{1}{2}\int_M |\tau(\varphi)|^2v_g\), that amounts to say, by computing the Euler-Lagrange equation for \(\varphi\), that the tension field of \(\varphi\) satisfies the equation \(\tau_2(\varphi)=-\Delta^{\varphi}\tau(\varphi)-\text{trace} R^N(d\varphi, \tau(\varphi))d\varphi=0\). It is called proper-biharmonic if it is not a harmonic map. The authors obtain non-existence results for proper-biharmonic \(\bar{m}\)-submanifolds \(\bar{M}\) of non-zero constant mean curvature \(\bar{H}\) immersed into the complex projective space \(\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^n\) with complex structure \(\bar{J}\) and constant holomorphic sectional curvature 4. Two cases are considered. The first one is when \(\bar{J}\bar{H}\) is tangent to \(\bar{M}\) (that is the case when \(\bar{M}\) is a real hypersurface), and conclude that a necessary condition for \(\bar{M}\) to be proper-biharmonic is that \(0<\|\bar{H}\|^2\leq \frac{\bar{m}+3}{\bar{m}}\), and if the upper bound holds then the condition of proper-biharmonicity is equivalent to pseudo-umbilicity with parallel mean curvature. In case \(\bar{M}\) is a proper-biharmonic real hypersurface they also show that the scalar curvature is constant. The second case is when \(\bar{J}\bar{H}\) is normal to \(\bar{M}\), obtaining that a necessary condition for \(\bar{M}\) to be proper-biharmonic is that \(0<\|\bar{H}\|^2\leq 1\), and if the upper bound holds the condition of proper-biharmonicity is again equivalent to pseudo-umbilicity with parallel mean curvature. Given a real submanifold \(\bar{j}:\bar{M}\to \mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^n\) of the complex projective space the authors relate the bitension field \(\tau_2(\bar{j})\) of \(\bar{M}\) with the bitension field of its Hopf-tube \(j:M\to \mathbb{S}^{2n+1}\), given by \(M=\pi^{-1}(\bar{M})\) where \(\pi:\mathbb{S}^{2n+1}\to \mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^n\) is the Hopf fibration. They prove that if \(\bar{M}\) is a real hypersurface of constant mean curvature, then \(\bar{j}\) is biharmonic if and only if \(j\) is \(\lambda\)-biharmonic with \(\lambda=-4\), that is \(\tau_2(j)-\lambda \tau(j)=0\). If \(\bar{M}\) is a Lagrangian submanifold of \(\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^n\) with parallel mean curvature, then biharmonicity of \(\bar{j}\) is equivalent to \((-4)\)-biharmonicity of \(j\). Then the authors construct a new class of proper-biharmonic submanifolds \(\bar{M}\) of \(\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^n\) when \(M\) is of Clifford-type or is a product of circles. Finally they characterize all proper-biharmonic curves of \(\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^n\) in terms of their curvatures and complex torsions, and determine all them in case \(n=2\) by using a classification of holomorphic helices of \(\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^2\) due to \textit{S.\ Maeda} and \textit{T.\ Adachi} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 125, No.~4, 1197--1202 (1997; Zbl 0876.53045)]
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